This then translates into a critical task for CSSPs. USA.gov Renewables are widely perceived as an opportunity to shatter the hegemony of fossil fuel-rich states and democratize the energy landscape. Until we do this we will never be standardized in any of our efforts for protecting the DOD and we will never attain cyber supremacy. Stretch Film Division. Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia, RAND Experts Discuss the First Year of the Russia-Ukraine War, Helping Coastal Communities Plan for Climate Change, Measuring Wellbeing to Help Communities Thrive, Assessing and Articulating the Wider Benefits of Research, >Cyber Threats from the U.S. and Russia Are Now Focusing on Civilian Infrastructure, skepticism from some experts and a denial, Fighting and Winning the Undeclared Cyber War, Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, Accountability in Cyberspace: The Problem of Attribution. Iran has conducted disruptive cyberattacks against U.S. and allies'companies, along with information operations to push their own narrative across the Middle East, Mortelmans said. Unlike space, cyberspace has a critical parallel with the open sea: cyberspace is primarily and overwhelmingly used for commerce. Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:An American Perspective 7 ; Raymond, John W., How Were Building a 21st Century Space Force, The Atlantic, December 20, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/building-21st-century-space-force/617434/. The U.S. and Russia should consider barring cyber operations aimed at certain critical systems belonging to the other, chief among them nuclear weapons systems. At some point theU.S. and Russiamay be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. Washington and Moscow share several similarities related to cyber deterrence. The Defense Department could leverage the cyber domain to improve its understanding of the Chinese military. A little over a century ago, however, the air domain was an emergent, but rapidly developing domain. February 22, 2023 WhatsApp. Subscribe to the weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates on the issues that matter most. The Pardee RAND Graduate School (PardeeRAND.edu) is home to the only Ph.D. and M.Phil. U.S. cyber strategy should therefore emphasize that steps within the cyber domain to exploit or protect those points of leverage do more than alter the position of each actor involvedthey also alter the cyber environment itself.. Should the US and Russia Pursue Confidence-Building Measuresand, if So, Which Ones? [2] Garamone, Jim, Global Integration Seeks to Buy Leaders Decision Time, Increase Speed of Relevance, DOD News, July 2, 2018, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1565240/global-integration-seeks-to-buy-leaders-decision-time-increase-speed-of-relevan/. Justin Sherman (@jshermcyber) is a fellow at the Atlantic Councils Cyber Statecraft Initiative. Securing DoD information and systems against malicious cyber activity, including DoD information on non-DoD-owned networks; and 5. Whatever their similarities in cyber targeting, Moscow and Washington faced different paths in developing capabilities and policies for cyber warfare, due in large part to the two sides' vastly different interpretations of global events and the amount of resources at their disposal. Both systems are crucial to the global internets very function and yet remain fundamentally insecurevulnerable to outright manipulation. Leverage can be understood in the way that certain parts of the global internet provide unique surveillance or disruption opportunities to certain nation-states. Navy Warfare Development Center (NWDC) [3] Manson, Katrina, US has already lost AI fight to China, says ex-Pentagon software chief, Financial Times, October 10, 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/f939db9a-40af-4bd1-b67d-10492535f8e0. We have only created a band-aid solution and pieced together the infrastructure with the cheapest possible solutions. The relevant cyberspace actions to protect cyberspace are cyberspace security and cyberspace defense. Additionally, once all MRT-C and KT-C are identified, the information should be stored and shared using an existing secure database. An official website of the United States Government. We will give a quick summary of these organizations as this will help you understand when we address the complications and solutions for CCMDs. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. Research, ideas, and leadership for a more secure, peaceful world. This will also establish awareness for all stakeholders of what cyberspace terrain is part of their assigned DAO. For example, a unit executing a DODIN operations mission can be conducting cyberspace security actions (e.g. The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. Organizations within CCMDs that can provide cybersecurity expertise and support are cyber operations-integrated planning elements (COIPEs), joint cyber centers (JCCs), cybersecurity service provider (CSSPs), and network operation centers (NOCs). Moscow sees an unwavering cyber omnipotence in the United States, capable of crafting uniquely sophisticated malware like the Stuxnet virus, all while using digital operations to orchestrate regional upheaval, such as the Arab Spring in 2011. Kyle Hanslovan, a cyber-warfare specialist serving with the 175th Cyberspace Operations Group of the Maryland Air National Guard, works in the Hunter's Den at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Md., Dec. 2, 2017. That means a thorough strategy is needed to preserve U.S. cyberspace superiority and stop cyberattacks before they hit our networks. We proceeded to formulate research questions (see Appendix 2) and seek out authors who could separately explore the American and the Russian perspectives on the cyber-treaty idea. At some point the U.S. and Russia may be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. The process of identifying this terrain requires both technical understanding and knowledge of the commanders missions. Sgt. This concentration is necessary because just as there are cybersecurity technologies that give leverage to a defender, some vectors of compromise give disproportionate leverage to attackers. Additionally, the 2019 Joint Doctrine Note (JDN) 1-19 Competition Continuum augments this concept with the idea of continual campaigning rather than a campaign. The danger in both sides' cyber deterrence, however, lies not so much in their converging will and capacity as much as it is rooted in mutual misunderstanding. (Heretofore, Russias official position has been that it does not use cyber tools offensively and that cyber means should not be used in the military realm. Plain Writing Directly helping all networks, including those outside the DOD, when a malicious incident arises. At least some officials on both sides, apparently, view civilian infrastructure as an appropriate and perhaps necessary lever to deter the other. Coast Guard Not only will it drastically improve the overall awareness of DODs cybersecurity posture as a whole, but accurate reporting will identify where the DOD has critical gaps in its security and defenses and inform where future money, manpower, or resources should be sent. 1 "Defense Critical Infrastructure" refers to the composite of DoD and non-DoD assets essential to project, support, Western analysts, fixated on untangling the now-defunct concept of the Gerasimov Doctrine, devoted far less attention to the Russian military's actual cyber experts, who starting in 2008 wrote a series of articles about the consequences of Washington's perceived militarization of cyberspace, including a mid-2016 finale that discussed Russia's need to pursue cyber peace with the United States by demonstrating an equal information potential.. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. The most effective way to address these problems and our disjointness is by creating a separate cyber service. Virtually all countries have access to some renewable energy resources (especially solar and wind power) and could thus substitute foreign supply with local resources. 27. C.V. Starr & Co. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School. While a formal, binding bilateral agreement is not possible now due to mutual mistrust, misunderstanding and stark differences in approaches to the cyber domain, necessary steps by Moscow and Washington include bilateral engagement, Track 2 and/or 1.5 dialogues and well thought-out confidence-building measures. A cyberattack does not necessarily require a cyber response, she added. Combatant commands with assigned geographic areas are unique in that each military service has portions of its own service networks that fall within the geographic purview of different combatant commands. FOIA Both, for instance, view the other as a highly capable adversary. The DOD is making strides in this by: Retaining the current cyber workforce is key, as is finding talented new people to recruit. The department will do this by: Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Four Pillars U.S. National Cyber Strategy, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. DHS and FBI characterize this activity as a multi-stage intrusion campaign by Russian government cyber actors who targeted small commercial facilities' networks where they staged malware, conducted spear phishing, and gained remote access into energy sector networks. Sgt. A dual identity (military and law enforcement) and alignment under the Department of Homeland Security allow a separate cyber service to protect our nations global infrastructure from state actors who will be indistinguishable from criminal threats. Below we outline points on which the authors agree, disagree or cover ground that their counterparts did not. While all the authors describe steps that the two sides could take now, the U.S. authors devote considerable attention to five prerequisites they consider necessary for the start of future talks on bilateral cyber rules of the road: codified procedural norms (as noted above), the appropriate rank of participants on both sides, clear attribution standards, a mutual understanding of proportional retaliatory actions and costly signaling., The Russian author believes that Moscow must agree to discuss cyber-related topics in a military context. Figure 2: The 44 DOD Components of the DODIN. SCCs provide appropriate administration of and support to cyberspace forces, including service-retained forces and forces assigned or attached to CCMDs. Training and Education Command(TECOM) Moreover, it is a policy of NDIA to take appropriate actions under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and other applicable intellectual property laws. 22201 Besides having an understanding of adversaries'intention, Cybercom has the tools and expertise to conduct defensive and offensive cyber operations, she said. "Dominance in cyberspace has been a strategic goal of the United States since the mid-1990s," the report notes. There are no physical forces to defeat in cyberspace, but rather there are adversary cyberspace effects that can be defeated through various means ranging from friendly CO to delivering targeted kinetic effects. Joe Cheravitch is a defense analyst at the nonprofit, nonpartisan RAND Corporation. Both the air and space domains offer historic parallels worthy of consideration. Joint Staff J-7 Question 1. Strengthening the cybersecurity of systems and networks that support DOD missions, including those in the private sector and our foreign allies and partners. USCYBERCOM has published a cyber warfighting publication (CWP) that outlines how to do this. Automation and large-scale data analytics will help identify cyberattacks and make sure our systems are still effective. Cybersecuritys most successful innovations, they wrote, have provided leverage in that they operate on an internet-wide scale and impose the highest costs (roughly measured in both dollars and effort) on attackers with the least cost to defenders. Encryption, automatic software updates, and secure-by-design software were just three examples provided by the task force. But do we have an adequate level of protection and shared understanding of our cyberspace and does our current structure work for the foreseeable future. [5] U.S. Cyber Command, Mission Relevant Terrain-Cyber, Cyber Warfighting Publication 3-0.1, 20 August 2021, [6] Russel, W. William, Defense Acquisitions: Joint Cyber Warfighting Architecture Would Benefit from Defined Goals and Governance, GAO-21-68, (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2020). This backbone is the infrastructure that connects everything together across approximately 3,500 locations in 26 nations through terrestrial and undersea transport, satellite, mobile gateways, and multinational information systems. They use information operations, troop movements, proxy fighters, propaganda, diplomacy, economic pressures, and threats to coerce countries.Jim Garamone[2]. Tim Blevins, Air Land Sea Space Application (ALSSA) Center, Meeting The Immediate Needs of the Warfighter, By Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret) Tim Blevins, Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil, Standardizing network sensors (e.g. Focusing entirely on CO, and acknowledging that cyberspace effects can be delivered instantly from one side of the planet to the other, the DOD must work to ensure administrative processes do not hinder friendly defensive cyberspace operations (DCO) and that DOD cybersecurity is prioritized as part of the on-going global effort for us to act at the speed of relevance. The United States is arriving late to a showdown that many officials in Russian defense circles saw coming a long time ago, when U.S. policymakers were understandably preoccupied with the exigencies of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency. Space Delta 10 Potential Basis for Cooperation 48 Yet on a much higher level, the incidents themselves and the debates that followed them provide reason to reassess U.S. cyber strategyand that includes making leverage a majorpart of understanding the tightening relationship between offensive and defensive activity on the internet. Moreover, and except as provided below with respect to NDIA's right and ability to delete or remove a posting (or any part thereof), NDIA does not endorse, oppose, or edit any opinion or information provided by you or another user and does not make any representation with respect to, nor does it endorse the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or reliability of any advice, opinion, statement, or other material displayed, uploaded, or distributed by you or any other user. If you become aware of postings that violate these rules regarding acceptable behavior or content, you may contact NDIA at 703.522.1820. In January 2019, the DOJ announced criminal indictments against malicious cyber actors associated with the Chinese Ministry of State Security for conducting a global campaign to compromise service providers to facilitate their cyber theft for economic gain, she said. There are also cyber criminals who pose a growing threat from their use of ransomware to extort money from local and state governments as well as the commercial sector, she said. All CCMDs except for USCYBERCOM have ten roles and responsibilities assigned to them via the 2021 Unified Command Plan (UCP) for protecting their cyberspace and the one that is most applicable is: secure, operate, and defend tactical and constructed DODIN segments within their commands and areas of responsibility. Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Renewing America, Backgrounder Defending forward includes understanding what adversaries are trying to do and what the threat looks like. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. Global Health Program, Higher Education Webinar: Teaching the History of American Democracy, Webinar The Russian author does not speculate on national interests per se but does describe major cyber-related disagreements between Russia and the U.S. in at least three major areas: the role of government in overseeing cyberspace; the militarization of cyberspace and the related applicability of existing international law; and the idea of legally binding treaties versus non-binding guidelines for how information and communication technologies should be used. Why Life is Complicated for Combatant Commands. In this paper, Sarah Sewall, Tyler Vandenberg, and Kaj Malden evaluate Chinas Global Navigation Satellite System, BeiDou, and urge policymakers to look more closely at the effects of global reliance upon BeiDou. 27 JFHQ-DODIN leads unified actions across all DOD for DODIN operations and defeats, denies, and disrupts cyberattacks against the DODIN. (NB: The U.S. authors are more skeptical about such efforts than the Russian author.). - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Analysis & Opinions The Russian Federation's willingness to engage in offensive cyber operations has caused enormous harm, including massive financial losses, interruptions to the operation of critical infrastructure, and disruptions of crucial software supply chains. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. Disclaimer. An official website of the United States Government. About ALSSA Is Chinas Huawei a Threat to U.S. National Security? A CCMD should go to its COIPE, JCC, CSSP, and NOC to obtain its operationally assigned cyberspace from JFHQ-DODIN. 2020 National Defense Industrial Association. The Russian Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) of the General Staff has primacy in external cyberspace operations, to include espionage, information warfare, and offensive cyberspace operations. Two main strands of NATO activity are addressing this: first, the implementation of cyberspace as a domain of operations and, second, the enactment of the Cyber Defence Pledge. Figure1: Cyberspace Operations Missions, Actions, and Forces. But leverage is also a more widely useful concept for the internet and cybersecurity, and that notion should play a bigger part in discussions around U.S. cyber strategy. Our research shows, however, that the role countries are likely to assume in decarbonized energy systems will be based not only on their resource endowment but also on their policy choices. (Figure 4). In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations blurring of the line between peace and war. Or, as Nye wrote, in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer programs user.. tel: (703) 522-1820. Holding DOD personnel and third-party contractors more accountable for slip-ups. Annual Lecture on China. Like the air domain, military space experts especially in the Air Force argued against creating a separate service. Definitions of cyber-related terms need to be clarified as much as possible. There is a lack of consensus concerning the threshold of evidence required for definitive attribution of cyber operations; one step toward solving this problem maybe to involve experts from the private sector and academia in developing attribution guidelines. Streamlining public-private information-sharing. More than 5.3 million others are still estimated to be . [1] Secretary Mattis Remarks on U.S. National Defense Strategy, January 19, 2018, C-SPAN, video, 49:06, https://www.c-span.org/video/?439945-1/secretary-mattis-delivers-remarks-us-national-defense-strategy. Joint Electronic Library (JEL+), An official website of the United States government, U.S. Cyber Command members work in the Integrated Cyber Center, Joint Operations Center at Fort George G. Meade, Md., April. A separate service could exercise both law enforcement and homeland defense authorities only afforded to one other military service: the United States Coast Guard. Cybersecurity's most successful innovations, they wrote, have provided leverage in that "they operate on an internet-wide scale and impose the highest costs (roughly measured in both dollars and. Madeline Mortelmansspoke today at an event hosted by the Association of European Journalists in Madrid, Spain. Telling Black Stories: What We All Can Do. USCYBERCOM is the supported command for transregional and global CO and manages day-to-day global CO even while it supports one or more CCMDs. Twitter. The Russian author likewise believes the U.S. will have to tone down its harsh rhetoric toward Moscow if progress on cyber issues is to be achieved. American political scientistJoseph Nye, a former head of the U.S. National Intelligence Council,wrote in 2019that, even if traditional arms-control treaties are unworkable in cyberspace, it may still be possible to set limits on certain types of civilian targets, and to negotiate rough rules of the road that minimize conflict. Robert G. Papp, a former director of the CIAs Center for Cyber Intelligence, has likewisearguedthat even a cyber treaty of limited duration with Russia would be a significant step forward. On the Russian side, President Vladimir Putin himselfhas called fora bilateral intergovernmental agreement on preventing incidents in the information space, comparing it to the Soviet-American Agreement on thePrevention of Incidentson and Over the High Seas. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education The Domain Name System, the internets phone book for addressing traffic, and the Border Gateway Protocol, the internets GPS for routing traffic, were both designed with a preference for speed and reliability over security. Amid joint Russian-U.S. efforts, the Working Group on the Future of U.S.-Russia Relationsrecommendedseveral elements of an agreement in 2016, among them that Russia and the U.S. agree on the types of information that are to be shared in the event of a cyberattack (akin to responses to a bio-weapons attack) and prohibit both automatic retaliation in cases of cyberattacks and attacks on elements of another nations core internet infrastructure. Most recently, in June 2021, a group of U.S., Russian and European foreign-policy officials and expertscalled forcyber nuclear rules of the road.. The authors likewise have differing assessments of cyber-related progress on the diplomatic front: While the Russian author describes impressive successes in bringing the U.S. and Russian positions on cybersecurity closer together at the U.N., most notably with a consensus report on norms of responsible behavior by states in March 2021,the U.S. authors note that Russia hasused multilateral institutions, including two U.N. groups on cybersecurity, to advance its own conceptualization of cyber norms, sometimes undermining Western influence.. In Washington, it seems too little effort is dedicated to understanding the complexity (PDF) of Russia's view of cyber warfare and deterrence. Within a given cyberspace mission, different types of cyberspace actions can occur. As this process matures, cyberspace planners will know what MRT-C and KT-C must be protected throughout all phases of the various scenarios in joint force plans and operations. In July 2020, the DOJ announced indictments against two malicious cyber actors associated with MSS for stealing terabytes of data, including data related to COVID-19 vaccination research, Mortelmans said. Air Force By entering your email and clicking subscribe, you're agreeing to receive announcements from CFR about our products and services, as well as invitations to CFR events. Pardeerand.Edu ) is a Defense analyst at the nonprofit, nonpartisan, leadership... Understanding and knowledge of the Chinese military secure, peaceful world figure 2: the 44 DOD Components the... When we address the complications and solutions for CCMDs research, ideas, and NOC to obtain its operationally cyberspace... All stakeholders of what cyberspace terrain is part how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia their assigned DAO,... Of these organizations as this will help identify cyberattacks and make sure our systems are crucial to the Policy. 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Force argued against creating a separate service networks ; and 5, ideas, and NOC to obtain its assigned... Cssp, and NOC to obtain its operationally assigned cyberspace from JFHQ-DODIN activity! Figure 2: the U.S. authors are more skeptical about such efforts than the Russian author..! Rapidly developing domain at 703.522.1820 view the other as a highly capable adversary the process of identifying terrain... Have only created a band-aid solution and pieced together the infrastructure with the possible... By creating a separate service CSSP, and leadership for a more secure, world! Usa.Gov Renewables are widely perceived as an opportunity to shatter the hegemony of fuel-rich... Solution and pieced together the infrastructure with the open sea: cyberspace is primarily and used... Is a Defense analyst at the nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the internet. Expertise to conduct defensive and offensive cyber operations, she said the tools and expertise to defensive.

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