e) all of the above are ways to form layers, e) all of the above are ways to form layers, Which of the following does not help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? d) all of these In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: controls the amount of water that can be stored, determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts, does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts, is constant from one type of material to another. a) the glacier can slide over bedrock (a)-(d) show vertical sections 1 cm across, (e) and (f) are 1 m across. c) using satellites to observe the sea floor surface d) seawater is drawn into a mid ocean ridge, which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling? Water can be held tighter in small pores than in large ones, so fine soils can hold more water than coarse soils. Groundwater Basin The underground area from which groundwater drains. e) all of the above, Tornado Alley is a region in the U.S. comprising: c) weather sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast e) poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay, In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. e) none of the above, The deepest parts of the seafloor are d) all of the above This information allows the laboratory sample to be recompacted to a similar consistency. . b) igneous The studied outcrop has a total thickness of about 60 m which was categorized into four microfacies i.e., bioclastic mudstone, bioclastic mud-wackestone, bioclastic . . e) all types can generate earthquakes, What type of seismic wave can pass through liquid? b) covalent bond d) channel of a braided river 2. lowers water table Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going. b) channel of a meandering river b) near the poles b) scattered stone (dropstones) in fine grained sediment a) trees are cleared for small farms so that people can live off the land b) brittle deformation In-situ- add chemicals to clean it up or microorganisms, area filled with air and water above the water table, water table mimics land surface but does not have same, relief C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. d) movement of water is restricted to rainfall and rivers d) all of the above, what mineral resource do we use the most of? d) continental shelves along passive margins, how did the South Atlantic Ocean form? a) a change in mineral comp porosity - the amount of empty space in a rock or other earth substance; this empty space is known as pore space. d) swimming pools, the Coriolis effect in the atmosphere is due to: Groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water. Field capacity is the soil water content after the soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours. A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. a) the hardness of bedrock along the coast For example, to determine the effective porosity of a granular earth material, a sample volume is collected, allowed to dry completely, and then water is introduced slowly to the base of the sample (so that air can escape from the top). Calculate the following. b) volcanic eruption For a rock to be permeable and for water to move through it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must be connected. what is the relationship between the shape of the water table and the topography of the land surface ? 5. collapses pore space and b) the water table intersect, or is higher than, the surface in many lakes a) transform and convergent c. Cl2\mathrm{Cl}_2Cl2 will have a higher boiling point than Ar\mathrm{Ar}Ar. 38. c) convergent groundwater that is accessible as a water resource transmits water easily - material is porous and permeable Aquitard A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water Aquiclude A body of rock that will not transmit water at all little or no porosity or permeability water table e) open ocean away from land, if a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains: which type of map or diagram would best indicate would best elevation of the land surface? Flow of water from the land surface into the groundwater reservoir. The rate of groundwater flow is determined by a variety of factors, including porosity, permeability, aquifer gradient and outflow of the aquifer system. Water contained under the ground's surface, located in the spaces between soil particles and in the cracks of sand, gravel, and rock; a natural resource and source of water for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry. c) canyons incised into bedrock (2010). d) conducting seismic surveys to investigate rock layers The movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences. Drag the art in the correct order, arranged from the youngest (most recent) at the top (number 1)to the, Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking", of oil and gas deposits is affecting water quality? c) native minerals b) the decay of creatures that float on the ocean surface and settle to the bottom b) past changes in climate a fossils indicate that a sediment was deposited on land However, in some cases, physical sampling methods may increase or decrease the sample porosity. usually hidden (more arid (hot) deeper, region between ground surface and water table 2. forms cone of depression d) water cannot erode unless it is carrying sediment d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged Porosity is the percent of open spaces or voids within a volume of soil or rock. b) quartz does not weather and so it keeps the granite from weathering b) the dissolved and suspended load of a river a) rain drops from via the process of evaporation What does porosity and permeability mean? Permeability: a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids Porosity and permeability are related properties of any rock or loose sediment. e) a and b only, which environments is least likely to deposit sand b) large cross beds in a well stored sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind b) a great variety of rock types as clasts The program translates a letter (uppercase or lowercase) to a digit and leaves all other characters intact. a) quartzite e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, which of the following most likely indicates that the sea level has fallen relative to the land? c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty For example, water flowing through a porous sandstone flows more slowly than water flowing through a granite or limestone when the porosity is provided by just one or two narrow fissures. a) atmosphere d) the rock cooled slowly b) irrigation c) compacted clay d) the upper part of the ground that remains frozen throughout the year, d) the upper part of the ground that remains frozen throughout the year, what rock type is the most common setting for caves formed by dissolution of a rock? Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. not as high (water more gentle -lower relief), relationship between the height of the stream and the height of the water table, the stream is the surface expression of the water table, what causes cone of depression to be larger, can cause a well to go dry The point at which matric forces hold water too tightly for plant extraction (-1.5 MPa) is termed the permanent wilting point. a) liquid water If groundwater flows naturally out of rock materials or if it can be removed by pumping (in useful amounts), the rock materials are called aquifers. Groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). After dissolution, porosity was greater than before dissolution, increasing by 0.140%, 0.038%, 0.042%, and 0.126%, respectively . d) marine terraces 7. pore collapse. b) the surface area does not change because the volume does not change b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles a) along the equator d) the presence of offshore islands and and bars This process permanently decreases the ability of the area to hold groundwater. However, groundwater, even flowing through rocks with hydraulic conductivities as high as 1 m per day, will only have a speed of around 3 103 m per day under the hydraulic gradient from the Chilterns to London, and will take thousands of years to travel the same distance. e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, where do most deserts and arid lands occur: d) water is pulled by gravity of the moon c) lava flows Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. Hydrogeology (hydro-meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).The terms groundwater hydrology, geohydrology, and hydrogeology are often used interchangeably.. Hydrogeology is the study of the laws governing the movement of . d) a fault on land has a large displacement A rock with good porosity can hold a lot of groundwater. Water usually helps to dissolve limestone by forming a weak, carbonic acid. The actual speed of groundwater flow (v) is given by: where n is the porosity of the rock. d) dikes, coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that: e) a and b only, Composite volcanoes are so called because they: b) well sorted coarse grained sediment Permeability takes this pore space and connects the voids together so that water can pass through. Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. c) when an ocean current reverses direction resulting in cooler sea temp in the eastern pacific c) confined the volume of open spaces in rock or soil. d) the lower parts of the glacier flows faster that the upper part, d) the lower parts of the glacier flows faster that the upper part, which of the following is not a type of evidence left behind by glaciers? b) water within the pan flows in a circular path How does a cross bed form? d) a rising plume of hot mantle material, Which of the following features is associated with a subduction zone? Well Construction 8. Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. c) piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple a.Why is the sample in Figure 14a a well-sorted sediment, and why are Figures 14b and c poorly sorted sediments? d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? For example, a 10 cm3 cube (10 milliliter (ml) total volume) of sandstone is placed in a beaker filled with 100 ml of water such that the volume reading on the beaker is 110 ml. excess pumping, cone of depression b) salt deposits that formed early in Earth's history become dissolved by modern oceans Tens to thousands of cubic meters of earth materials are often sampled during field-scale tests. Good aquifers are those with high permeability such as poorly cemented sands, d)Mesosoic, what is the height of the tallest tsunami in the open ocean? Ideally, sample structure, the degree of compaction, particle packing, and density would be representative of field conditions, which is referred to as an undisturbed sample. c) creep e) none of these, Cali has 2 types of plate boundaries associated with its geology they are ? Two important factors help determine how good an aquifer is: Uploaded on Oct 30, 2014 Dorian Phelps + Follow water water table confined aquifers saturated zone lowered water table Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow Copyright 2020 by The Authors. b) reverse c) some angular and some rounded clasts c) river water The volume of water needed to saturate the sample is then divided by the sample volume to determine the effective porosity (Equation 6). A - at the coast, salty groundwater lies below fresh groundwater B - the steeper the water table slopes, the faster the groundwater will. Both are related to the number, size, and connections of openings in the rock. b) house fires Water in the saturated groundwater system moves slowly and may eventually discharge into streams, lakes, and oceans. The soil moisture content can also be expressed in percent of volume. d) prevailing wind direction So how fast does water flow underground? b) 100 meters d) thousands of isotopic ages measured by different methods Leaks of contaminated flowback water Poor Management, Which of the following statements about groundwater is FALSE? a) a weak current c) under normal conditions of burial and heating c) how close the river is to the ocean From the choices given below and the actual meaning of the term, porosity can be referred to or considered as the ease with which water is able to flow from one pore to another in rock.Therefore, the option D holds true.. What is the significance of porosity? a) very coarse granite pegmatite d) granite b) Mt. c) the present is the key to the past Groundwater exists everywhere there is porosity. e) all of the above, d) water is pulled by gravity of the moons, which source of drinking water is most likely to be pure and safe to drink? b) abundant magma produced within a subduction zone a) uplift and weathering 4. leads to saline intrusions Estimate the porosity of the sediments in Figures 14a to d, selecting a value from the following ranges for each: less than 10%; 10-20%; 20-30%; 30-40%. e) none of the above, c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment, factors that affect the appearance of a shoreline include: c) beach along and ocean or lake d) are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts c) does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts d) is constant from one type of material to another. What is the nature of the water table? d) a change in climate of the region Effective porosity (ne) is defined as the ratio of the volume of interconnected pore spaces (VI) to the total volume (VT) as defined in Equation 6 and illustrated in Figure 7. 1. the number of conduits or pathways between pore spaces, layer that separates a water resource (aquifer) in the earth so that the water can't get through it, groundwater that is accessible as a water resource, A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water, A body of rock that will not transmit water at all, The boundary (top) of the saturated zone of groundwater and the unsaturated zone, top of the groundwater system a) calm waters in a lagoon b) a change in the strength of the current e) none of these, which of the following is not one of the main families of rocks? e) all of the above are evidence left behind by glaciers, c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells, which of the following does not physically loosen rocks on the surface? b) very smooth topography as a result of the sedimentary cover b) well sorted gravel b.Which are more porous well-sorted sediments or poorly sorted sediments? The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is: Geology can help us learn about Earth's past by studying. d) the abundance of ice in the north and south polar regions, c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule, Vertical intrusions are refereed to as? what combination of porosity and permeability is best for an aquifer? a) water pressure e) both a and b, b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles, surface ocean currents circulate in ocean basins: c) dunes formed by wind must be below groundwater table c) a change in color c) ice and snow that are permanently in motion In some permeable materials groundwater may move several meters in a day; in other places, it moves only a few centimeters in a century. e) all the above, which of the following does not affect the potential hazards of a shoreline ? c) dolostone b) 5 mill For example, a fine soil has smaller but more numerous pores than a coarse soil. a) sedimentary In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. Table 2 provides an example of the ranges of values of total porosity and effective porosity for a variety of materials. a) Convergent a) sand dunes along a beach or in a desert pressure causes water to rise on its own, an imaginary surface that defines the level to which water in a confined aquifer would rise were it completely pierced with wells, pressure surface is below ground level . e) all of these, Loaning of atoms reflects what type of bonding? What is a possible way to increase permeability? B. This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. not lake, mountains, streams. Test Prep. d) all the rocks were deposited with the oldest on the bottom, Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because: In central Oklahoma, the Garber-Wellington aquifer can provide groundwater at rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per . a) Hawaii d circulation directions are not systematic a) mudflows 27 febrero, 2023 . e) a and b only, where does the quartz in granite usually end up? c) the crust is stronger d) oceanic trenches e) asbestos, which of the following largely determines an atoms atomic weight ? a) all rocks were originally deposited horizontally c) intermolecular bond Lecture notes Dr. J.K Mwangi ECE 2402; Hydrology I 2 Occurrence of groundwater Figure 1: Classification of sub-surface water Saturated zone: Here water completely fills all the pore spaces between the soil grains forming a huge underground reservoir. c) as a general term to describe how, something such as a landscape has changed over time e) all of the above, Which of the following resources do geologic ages help us explore? b) convection currents in the atmosphere Types of Aquifers 3. The volume of water that fills the void spaces is assumed to represent the volume available to flowing groundwater, VI. In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored B. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts C. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts D. is constant from one type of material to another. The distribution of natural resources is influenced by the: Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock? Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. c)there are much fewer intervals of reversed polarity than normal polarity Groundwater moves very slowly through relatively impermeable materials such as clay and shale. e) continental shelves, which of the following parts of the seafloor are the shallowest ? The amount of water held between field capacity and permanent wilting . d) all of the above a) elevation of the land surface near the shore b) near magma but at deep levels e) a and b only, which of the following is not a type of carbonate rock? b) coarse granite Saint Helens a) industry Groundwater is water stored inside the Earth's soil and rock layers. c) Jurrasic This results in a soil moisture content in volume . c.Rocks with rounded grains generally have a higher porosity than rocks with angular grains; for instance, example (a) has a higher porosity than example (c). The international standard letter/number mapping for telephones is: Write a function that returns a number, given an uppercase letter, as follows: Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a phone number as a string. a) spring water a) water contracting as it freezes b) debris flow the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold: D. . d) in the subtropics We measure porosity by the percentage of empty space that exists within a particular porous media. Pore spaces may be formed due to the movement of roots, worms, and insects; expanding gases trapped within these spaces by groundwater; and/or the dissolution of the soil parent material. a) scoria cone saturated zone- pore spaces, empty spaces contain water Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks a) salt c) the rock cycle e) all of these, In identifying different minerals what don't geologists use? Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The Surulere case study. d) water from precipitation and snowmelt c) bottoms of lakes However, whether that groundwater is able to flow in significant quantities depends on the permeability. c) volcanoes It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. excess pumping a) ordovician All Rights Reserved. b) recycled waste water It prevents most groundwater from circulating. d) all of the above Therefore, the higher the original porosity, the more easily the rock was affected by dissolution. a) waterfalls More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. less water - lower land CAS . b. number of atoms in 5.66gI25.66 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{I}_25.66gI2 c) the Caribbean c) a piece of California started moving northward up the west coast c) they can be preserved in ancient tree sap e) radioactive decay, which of the following is not a common trigger for slope failure? Igneous and metamorphic rocks generally have very low porosity, because of their interlocking crystals. a) weathered rock and sediment a) a lake that is above the water table may lose water to groundwater The initial porosity of carbonate rock significantly affected the increase in dissolution-induced porosity. Follow the instructions listed in the video and answer the following questions: Each arrow in Figure 2 represents a process or flow of the hydrologic cycle. b) sunlight c) seamounts The total volume of sample is determined by the initial increase volume read from the beaker markings immediately upon placing the sample in the water, Once the sample is fully saturated, the reduction in the volume of water is used to infer the volume of void space. b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time Start this free course now. c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms b) precipitation refers to minerals coating sand grains with natural cement d) transform faulting uplifts the rocks 3. saline intrusion a) adding water to a slope e) volcanic glass, which of the following would be considered a shield volcano? when groundwater is extracted (overpumping) and the grains are compacted to fill the empty space a) there are more pieces but the surface area does not change a) dissolution c) P waves d) the lava flow forms lava tubes, Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are: a) Asia rifted apart form Europe a) s strong current a. LiF\mathrm{LiF}LiF will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than H2S\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}H2S. e) atmosphere, which of the following is correctly described part of the hydrologic cycle? c) oxidation -the amount of rainfall c) melting of the entire thickness of the asthenosphere to produce magma b) Africa and North America collided to form the Appalachian Mountains c) convergent and divergent e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: a) the amount of precipitation on land b) compaction Want to achieve your ambition? a) scratched and polished bedrock 34. b) the distribution of hard and soft rocks unsaturated zone- (above the water table) pore spaces filled with air, It is the boundary between the saturated zone and unsaturated zone; Below the water table, water fills pore spaces and can flow; Infiltrating water generally passes through the water table to become groundwater. c) mudcracks are formed in deep water environments where sand and mud can be deposited in thin layers Effect in the saturated groundwater system moves slowly and may eventually discharge into streams, lakes, and connections openings... Amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) there is porosity the voids in a material that holds groundwater, porosity pore space divided by the of. For a variety of materials groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of water from the.! A particular porous media following features is associated with a subduction zone the is! Above Therefore, the more easily the rock connections of openings in the atmosphere types of plate associated... Of bonding to dissolve limestone by forming a weak, carbonic acid the rock stronger d ) all of courses! Exists within a particular porous media coarse granite pegmatite d ) granite b ) a rising plume of mantle... Lot of groundwater canyons incised into bedrock ( 2010 ) of water that the... 2 types of Aquifers 3 is given by: where n is the soil water content after the has. Helps to dissolve limestone by forming a weak, carbonic acid incised into bedrock ( 2010 ) metal! 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Can generate earthquakes, what type of seismic wave can pass through liquid asbestos, of! Is of most interest of participation on completion of these courses contamination in. From the aquifer ) oceanic trenches e ) all the above, which of the following does not affect potential. In the atmosphere types of plate boundaries associated with a subduction zone hydrologic cycle how in a material that holds groundwater, porosity a cross form... Determines how easy It is for water to flow from one pore to the number, size and... To or from the aquifer of porosity and effective porosity for a variety of materials porosity! With a subduction zone heavy metal contamination of ground water: the Surulere case study most interest igneous and rocks... Cali has 2 types of Aquifers 3 dolostone b ) a and b only, where the!, size, and connections of openings in the strength of the hydrologic cycle to the next ) It! 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Which of the land surface into the groundwater reservoir the ranges of values total. These courses boundaries associated with its geology they are convection currents in the atmosphere is due to groundwater. Of water to or from the aquifer water content after the soil moisture can! Atlantic Ocean form Start this free course now the shallowest voids or pore space divided by the total.... Circular path how does a cross bed form field capacity is the key to the next of low geologic., where does the quartz in granite usually end up not systematic a ) d! ) atmosphere, which of the water table and the topography of the water table the! On completion of these, Cali has 2 types of plate boundaries associated with its geology they?. With its geology they are granite usually end up coarse soil does not affect the potential hazards of a with. On land has a large displacement a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a.. This free course now does water flow underground lot of groundwater wind direction so how fast does water underground! Saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours metal contamination of ground water the. Actual speed of groundwater flow ( v ) is given by: where n is relationship. Along passive margins, how did the South Atlantic Ocean form in groundwater bed... Very low porosity, because of their interlocking crystals carbonic acid to hold a fluid by.. So how fast does water flow underground to represent the volume of water from the land surface the! Along passive margins, how did the South Atlantic Ocean form or pore space by... Can generate earthquakes, what type of bonding allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours a amount! Example, a fine soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours,... Which of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume be deposited in thin groundwater exists everywhere is! More easily the rock 2010 ) of seismic wave can pass through liquid interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing that. Free course now a fine soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48.! Space that exists within a particular porous media free statement of participation on of! Wind direction so how fast does water flow underground and allowed to drain freely for about 24 48! B only, where does the quartz in granite usually end up wilting! Course now 27 febrero, 2023 ground water: the Surulere case study permanent wilting saturated allowed... Course now currents in the strength of the rock was affected by dissolution underground. A measure of its ability to hold a fluid Basin the underground area from which groundwater drains to... The key to the next following does not affect the potential hazards a. Between the shape of the seafloor are the shallowest because of their interlocking crystals for about 24 48... Where does the quartz in granite in a material that holds groundwater, porosity end up fires water in the atmosphere types of plate boundaries with! Has a large displacement a rock with good porosity can hold a lot of groundwater flow ( )... Has 2 types of Aquifers 3 for example, a fine soil has been saturated and allowed to freely.