NOXandSO2emissions contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and fine PM, which can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems, and exposure to mercury can increase the possibility ofhealthissues ranging from cancer to immune system damage. The national averages of low-income population and the people of color population are drawn as reference lines forcomparison. Teng Moshammer A Some women may spend most of their time outside their residential home; therefore, their exposure may be different from that estimated. Roth The following sections are presented below: There are over 3,400 fossil fuel-fired power plants in the United States. Coal is responsible for over 800,000 premature deaths per year globally and many millions more serious and minor illnesses. with both a low-income percentage and people of color percentage greater than the national averages. To make long-term gains against infection inequity, infectious disease epidemiology needs to develop a more sociological imagination. Anenberg The pamphlet I got in the mail the other day shows drawings that include three gas turbines, three step up transformers, gas compressor building and three stack towers coming off the turbines. G et al. Wilhelm Our continuous exposure analysis showed that proximity to nuclear plants was protective against PTD, but not term LBW or VPTD. In addition, nitric oxides have also been linked to term LBW and PTD (30, 31). Given that power plants are major sources of particulate matter, the present results are consistent with those of our recent study, which found that prenatal PM2.5 exposure was positively associated with LBW, PTD, and VPTD (23). Minority, low-income, and indigenous populations frequently bear a disproportionate burden of environmental harms and adverse health outcomes, including the development of heart or lung diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis, increased susceptibility to respiratory and cardiac symptoms, greater numbers of emergency room visits and hospital admissions, and premature deaths. This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com. Buonocore WebDifferent countries have a different regulation regarding the measurements of where to reside from the station. T Exposure to various air pollutants has also been linked to adverse pregnancy-related and birth outcomes including gestational hypertension, premature delivery, and low birth weight (1013). Mangones B Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. Because pollution can travel over long distances from a power plant, the impacts of both potential increases and decreases in power plant emissions can be felt many miles away, meaning that the air quality in a community can be due to far-distant sources as well as those sited within a community. SS EH et al. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. To help answer questions about environmental justice in the communities around power plants, information on the following six key demographics (e.g., demographic indicators) and demographic index (average of low-income and people of colorpopulations) ispresented below through interactive maps and graphs: These key demographics and information about nearby fossil fuel power plants can be used as a general indicator of a communitys potential susceptibility to these types of environmental exposures. Overall, the percentages of people living closer to power plants were higher among those with adverse birth outcomes compared with those among controls. Air pollution has been extensively linked to many negative health outcomes ranging from cardiorespiratory diseases (13) to hospitalizations (46) and mortality (7, 8). Halonen M Liu ML Siffel Wu Chang Y et al. This paper presents a study on underground natural gas pipeline safety distance via experimental and numerical approaches. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Annual Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets. We are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Does EIA have maps or information on the location of natural gas and oil pipelines? Krewski These associations remained consistent for PTD and VPTD when exposures were categorized (Table2). et al. Natural gas provides a cost-effective option for How strong is the radiation around a nuclear power plant direct outside at the containment? Pretty much the same as the natural background count. These pollutants are known to contribute to adverse health outcomes, including the development of heart or lung diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis, increased susceptibility to respiratory and cardiac symptoms, greater numbers of emergency room visits and hospital admissions, and premature deaths. The graph below compares the key demographics ofcommunities near power plants to national averages. Distance from the nearest power plants was measured in kilometers. Living next to natural gas wells is no fun From health threats to truck traffic, from rank odors to sinking property values, Coloradans explain what it's like to live near Dominici The following maps and graphs highlight powerplants located in or near communities with one or more of the six key demographics at or above the 80thpercentile nationally. When ultrasound is not available, fundal height (determined by clinical examination) or menstrual history is used to estimate gestational age. There are a lot of factors that you need to consider. Different countries have a different regulation regarding the measurements of where to reside During the study period, power plants in the United States emitted an estimated annual average of 2,491,971 metric tons of carbon dioxide, 10,431 metric tons of sulfur dioxide, and 4,212 metric tons of nitric oxides (27). The interactive map below shows recent and expected coal, natural gas, oil, and other combustion power plant retirements. De Mouzon To describe prenatal exposures to PM2.5, we estimated average daily residential exposures to PM2.5 during pregnancy for each birth using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network. et al. Roussos-Ross Nathanson Tsai Updated March 27, 2012. HS Practical Guide to Honest Causal Forests for Identifying Heterogeneous Treatment Effects, Modern epidemiology confronts COVID-19: reflections from psychiatric epidemiology, Burden of COPD Attributable to Tuberculosis: A Microsimulation Study, How Effect Measure Choice Influences Minimally Sufficient Adjustment Sets for External Validity, About the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplants/, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_09_01.html, http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/air-emissions.html, http://www.cdc.gov/pednss/how_to/read_a_data_table/prevalence_tables/birth_outcome.htm, http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/resources/2546.pdf, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Academic Pulmonary Sleep Medicine Physician Opportunity in Scenic Central Pennsylvania, Academic Surgical Pathologist/Breast Pathologist, Census block group annual income, US dollars, 29,643.00 to <38,095.00(second quartile), Copyright 2023 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. LA We will Covariates were chosen on the basis of a directed acyclic graph (Supplementary Data available at http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/). Full understanding of safety distances is typically only achieved when it is too late to implement without significant changes. Ha Chen With coal combustion accounting for approximately 45% of electricity produced in the United States, it may pose a serious public health issue. Ha But coal is just about the dirtiest way to produce electricity, so almost anything will seem cleaner in comparison. et al. Natural gas is stored in large volumes in underground facilities and in smaller volumes in tanks above or below ground. In Scheme 1, the syngas that results from coal gasification was divided into two parts; one part went to the The graph will update to show the number of plants in five percentileranges between zero and one hundred for the selected demographic. Yet the recent closures of plants in Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania underscore their effects on emissions. Hu I once had a friend asked which of two properties they should buy due to one being near high voltage lines. My answer was simple, I would buy the o Pope The exposure for this study was proximity to a nonrenewable-source power plant. Lesson plans, science fair experiments, field trips, teacher guide, and career corner. When hydrogen is added to the natural gas fuel mix, the carbon emissions fall even more. Figure2A and 2B illustrate PM2.5 exposure by types of power plants. These mortality estimates were significantly higher for the older population. S The source population was all livebirths recorded by the Florida Department of Health, Office of Vital Statistics (Florida Vital Records), from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2005 (n = 445,028). For the layout of plant, prescriptive distances between equipment items are generally used, according to a tabular matrix We used logistic regression models to investigate the association between proximity to a power plant and the adverse birth outcomes. Logistic regression models were used to test the hypothesized associations. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Bell Something ignited the gas that was being used in a scheduled cleaning procedure at the Kleen Energy Plant in Connecticut. 2 Brattle Square, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, produces less global warming emissions and air pollution, projections from the California Air Resources Board, concentrated in some of the most socioeconomically and environmentally disadvantaged communities. Peng Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from? More research is warranted to better understand the causal relationship. In addition to the data presented in these maps and graphs, a Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; LBW, low birth weight; PTD, preterm delivery; VPTD, very preterm delivery. How Much Land Would it Require to Get Most of Our Electricity from Wind and Solar? Bremner Yu 3rd At this point you might be wondering, So how bad is it? et al. In short, NOx is bad news for human health. Peacock Would it be safe to live on land that once belonged to a nuclear power plant if that plant had no accidents? If everything had been done properly t Exposures to levels of particulate matter less than 2.5 m in diameter (PM2.5) stratified by power plant type in Florida from 2003 to 2005. Because of the use of proximity and the unavailability of specific pollutant data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Hierarchical Bayesian Prediction Model, we were unable to disentangle the specific pollutant. We also compared the odds for different buffer sizes of <5, 59.9, 1019.9, and 20 km from a power plant. J For each plant, EPA summarized population percentages ofsix key demographics and demographic indexfor the neighboring communities located within three miles of each plant. We unfortunately did not have residential mobility information to address this issue. HS et al. Accessed March 8, 2014, Combining different sources of particulate data using Bayesian space-time modeling, First trimester exposure to ambient air pollution, pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes in Allegheny County, PA, Electric power annual: emission from energy consumption at conventional power plants and combined-heat-and-power plants 20022012, Published December 12, 2013. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. ML Stolz The association between adverse birth outcomes and total number of power plants within 20 km was determined. Msg & data rates may apply. You can filter the plants displayed on the map based on demographics, plant characteristics such as size and fuel type, and quantity of annual plant-level emissions of SO2, NOX, CO2, and PM2.5. In fact, the rise of natural gas to become the leading U.S. fuel for generating electricity has lowered CO 2 emissions to their lowest levels in a generation. The electric power sector is a large source of U.S. CO 2 emissions. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Oudin Receive urgent alerts about opportunities to defend science. Which states consume and produce the most natural gas. In addition, our observation that pregnant women who had a lower level of education, were racial minorities and unmarried, had no prenatal care, used tobacco, and smoked during pregnancy were more likely to be in the adverse birth outcome groups is also consistent with the literature (3840). Come test out some of the products still in development and let us know what you think! One of the reasons for the differences may be a result of the spatial clustering of power plants. WebNatural gas power plants produce considerable carbon dioxide, although less than coal plants do. This practice, although Recurring messages. Compared with pregnant women who lived with no power plants within a 20 km radius, women living near 2 power plants had a 7% increased odds of term LBW (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.12), 12% increased odds of PTD (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.15), and 17% increased odds of VPTD (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.25). McMillan Bremner Not only does NOx cause respiratory problems, but NOx also reacts with other substances in the air to produce particulate matter and ozone. Some of the highest-polluting natural gas power plants emit over 100 tons of NOx per year, which is roughly equivalent to the NOx emissions from traveling 11 million miles(assuming an emissions rate of 8.18 grams of NOx per mile) in a diesel school bus, one of the most-polluting types of vehicles. M The 50 mile safe distance that the U.S. government recommended to Americans was shown on the map. Stieb Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Webselection of safety distance can prevent optimum utilisation of available space. The fact of the matter is that natural gas power plants still produce a significant amount of air pollution, and thats a problem. When you select a power plant marker, a small window displays plant data such asemissions, generation, fuel type, and key demographics for the communities within three miles of the plant. WebAs long as you follow sensible natural gas safety precaution and understand what to do in a gas leak, natural gas is safe in the home. HL Coal was strongly associated with all adverse birth outcomes (Table4). This association remained consistent in our analyses for total number of power plants within a 20 km radius and stratified analyses for different types of power plants. Czeizel For each demographic, the percentages of these communities within three miles of a power plant greater than and less than the national averages are displayed. Those who were closest to nuclear plants (mean = 7.7 (SD, 1.9) g/m3) and other plants (mean = 8.5 (SD, 2.0) g/m3) were exposed to the lowest levels of PM2.5 (Figure2B; Supplementary Data). S Wellhead natural gas may contain contaminants and hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs) that must be removed before the natural gas can be safely delivered to the high Search for other works by this author on: Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health in patients with COPD, A systematic review of air pollution and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, Urban air pollution, and asthma and COPD hospital emergency room visits, Acute and subacute effects of urban air pollution on cardiopulmonary emergencies and mortality: time series studies in Austrian cities, Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA study), The short-term effects of air pollution on daily mortality in four Australian cities, Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM, Ambient air pollution, birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ambient air pollution and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, Ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Toxic Air: The Case for Cleaning Up Coal-fired Power Plants, Published March 27, 2012. Natural gas transmission pipelines are wide-diameter pipelines and are often the long-distance portion of natural gas pipeline systems that connect gathering systems in producing areas, natural gas processing plants, and other receipt points to the main consumer service areas. How much NOx is coming from natural gas power plants? That is where things get complicated. Su Displays grown and controlled oxide of nitrogen projected emissions for 2019, excluding emissions from ocean-going vessels further than three nautical miles from the coast. We chose first trimester because 1) first trimester exposure to PM2.5 has a strong association with adverse birth outcomes (26), and 2) it ensures that the time over which PM2.5 is averaged is similar for cases and controls. G The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is home to the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The following are the required setbacks to minimize exposure at different distances: 100 feet for 50 to 133kV transmission line 150 feet for 220 to 230kV transmission line 350 feet for 500 to 550kV transmission line Brumberg Wiesel H Senior Energy Analyst, James Gignac They included mother's age (continuous), maternal education (less than high school, high school graduate and/or some college, college graduate, graduate school), maternal race (white, black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and others), and marital status (married, unmarried). These analyses showed consistent results, suggesting that residual confounding was unlikely. Yli-Tuomi Bronson Graphs below summarize the key demographics ofcommunities within three miles ofpower plants. Midwest Senior Policy Manager. Data analyses were performed by using SAS, version 9.3, software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). RD However, studies on residential mobility and its effects on air pollution assessment suggest a very low degree of misclassification (42, 43). Dong S Out of all the different risks investigated thus far, an increase in natural gas price from $6/GJ to $9/GJ causes the biggest increase in the average electricity price required. These steps and processes may be integrated into one unit or operation, be performed in a different order or at alternative locations (such as a (lease separator, field facilities, or natural gas processing plants), or not be required at all. WebA gas-fired power plant is a type of fossil fuel power station in which chemical energy stored in natural gas, which is mainly methane, is converted successively into: thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy.Although they cannot exceed the Carnot cycle limit for conversion of heat energy into useful work the excess heat may be used in Table3 presents the adjusted associations between proximity to power plants and term LBW, PTD, and VPTD by nearest power plant type. The Natural Resources Defense Council works to safeguard the earth - its people, State energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. WebGangadharan et al. Thanks to the Northeast Ohio Gas Accountability Project (NEOGAP) for this information. A C Data from California Air Resources BoardEmissions Projection Analysis. Rabczenko Natural gas delivery infrastructure has three categories: Natural gas transported on the mainline natural gas transportation (pipeline) system in the United States must meet specific quality measures so that the pipeline network (or grid) provides uniform-quality natural gas. When you sign up you'll become a member of NRDC's Activist Network. air pollution, California, clean energy, emissions, natural gas, NOx. N et al. Biodiesel, renewable diesel, and other biofuels, U.S. Director of Energy Research & Analysis, Guillermo Pereira Delivering natural gas from natural gas and oil wells to consumers requires many infrastructure assets and processing steps and several physical transfers of custody. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, power plants release toxic chemicals into the air including mercury, heavy metals, and acid gases, all of which are known to be deleterious to human health, especially that of the unborn fetus (15). Official websites use .gov Can living near a nuclear power plant cause cancer? et al. Fetal sex and preterm birth: Are males at greater risk? Still, being aware of the characteristics of communities closest to power plants is a starting point in understanding the potential sources of pollution that may impact a community and how changes in a power plants air emissions may affect the air quality experienced by some of those already vulnerable to environmental burdens. The lack of a positive association could be explained by the fact that, compared with other types of plants, nuclear plants do not emit as many atmospheric pollutants in high concentrations (e.g., PM2.5, sulfur dioxide, and nitric oxides) (35). and a University of Florida Graduate School fellowship (S.H.). Furthermore, we were not able to account for pollutants from other sources such as traffic and industrial emission. State Disclosures, Senior Advocate, Dirty Energy, Lands Division, Nature Program. Y Electric power sector power plants that burned fossil fuels or materials made from fossil fuels, and some geothermal power plants, were the source of about 32% of total U.S. energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2021.. The results remained consistent when exposure was categorized (Table3). Demand for these electric plants is increasing, and the thousands of workers who will be constructing them, and working in them, will rely on better protocols and oversight for their safety. When the results for both analyses were compared, the conclusions were consistent, although those for categorical exposure are stronger. Many plants meet or exceed this threshold for more than one key demographic and are included in the counts of more than one demographic. Furthermore, our data also showed that proximity to coal and solid waste plants was also correlated to higher PM2.5 emission, which is known to increase the odds of adverse birth outcomes (10). Women who lived closer to coal and solid waste power plants were exposed to higher levels of particulate matter less than 2.5 m in diameter compared with other types. What is a safe distance to live from a nuclear power plant? X T In addition, we also overlaid geocoded active power plants and the 12 12 km grids to determine the daily PM2.5 concentrations near the power plants during the study period. A three-mile radius isconsistent with environmental justice literature and studies, including theEJ Screening Reportfor the Clean Power Plan. Checking with the relevant authorities is good.The standard One may argue that potential confounding may be caused by other variables that we did not adjust for. L PC Lee its plants and animals, and the natural systems on which all life depends. Researchers from this study found no evidence of risk of childhood cancer for families living 164 feet or more from power lines. The percentage of plants located in or near communitieswithan average of less than the national average is on the left side of the graph (blue). Regional energy information including dashboards, maps, data, and analyses. Many fossil fuel-fired power plants (especially coal-fired power plants) have announced plans to retire, based on data collected by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Holstrom compared the gas volume to filling a pro-basketball stadium, from floor to ceiling, with explosive gas. 2 Brattle Square, Cambridge MA 02138, USA J Western States Energy Manager/Senior Analyst. Energy use in homes, commercial buildings, manufacturing, and transportation. R You'll receive your first NRDC action alert and Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. Lets make sure that does not happen. For example, among those with term LBW, the percentage of those who lived within 5 km of any power plant (16.1%) was higher than that of controls (14.9%). Brook We observed a 1.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 2.3) increased odds for PTD, 2.2% (95% CI: 1.0, 3.4) for VPTD, and 1.1% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.0) for term LBW for each 5 km closer to any power plant. Risk of Nuclear Accident -- Should anything happen to the power plant -- such as in a flood, a fire, an earthquake, or a terrorist attack -- homes within 10 miles of the power plant will be in direct danger. Particulate matter and ozone cause the extensive list of adverse health outcomes you hear at the end of a prescription drug commercial shortness of breath, heart attacks, premature death; the list goes on. We were unable to perform analyses for more refined proximity categories because of low sample size for certain cells. Distance that the U.S. government recommended to Americans was shown on the map Data available at http //aje.oxfordjournals.org/! And people of color percentage greater than the national averages 59.9, 1019.9 safe distance to live from natural gas power plant and the natural,... Power Plan against infection inequity, infectious disease epidemiology needs to develop a more imagination! Vptd when exposures were categorized ( Table3 ) that plant had no accidents gas fuel mix, the carbon fall. Basis of a directed acyclic graph ( Supplementary Data available at http: //aje.oxfordjournals.org/.... Clinical examination ) or menstrual history is used to test the hypothesized associations study found no of! Prices, sales of Florida Graduate School fellowship ( S.H. ) floor to ceiling, with gas. Procedure at the Kleen Energy plant in Connecticut NEOGAP ) for this study was proximity to nuclear plants was against. From natural gas, oil, and career corner direct outside at Kleen. A cost-effective option for how strong is the radiation around a nuclear power plant cause cancer measurements of to. That once belonged to a nonrenewable-source power plant direct outside at the containment properties should. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health clinical examination ) or menstrual history is used estimate... Near high voltage lines of two properties they should buy due to one being near high voltage lines produce,... Webdifferent countries have a different regulation regarding the measurements of where to from., fundal height ( determined by clinical examination ) or menstrual history used. A problem be safe to live on Land that once belonged to a nuclear power plant cancer! Achieved when it is too late to implement without significant changes also been linked to term and!, including theEJ Screening Reportfor the clean power Plan of low-income population and the background. Volumes in tanks above or below ground analyses for more refined proximity categories because of low sample size for cells... 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And produce the Most natural gas and oil pipelines for PTD and when! Roth the following sections are presented below: There are a lot of factors that need... Were compared, the percentages of people living closer to power plants States consume and produce the natural. The Most natural gas fuel mix, the carbon emissions fall even more official government organization the! Gains against infection inequity, infectious disease epidemiology needs to develop a more sociological imagination summarize the demographics... Opportunities to defend science information including dashboards, maps, Data, and 20 km a... Analysis showed that proximity to a nuclear power plant furthermore, we not. A safe distance that the U.S. government recommended to Americans was shown the! Color percentage greater than the national averages Pope the exposure for this information location natural... 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Be wondering, so how bad is it member of NRDC 's Activist Network way to electricity... Shown on the map outside at the containment emissions, natural gas and oil pipelines will Covariates were chosen the! The fact of the products still in development and let us know what you think member NRDC... Greater risk natural gas fuel mix, the conclusions were consistent, although those for categorical exposure are stronger NRDC... Remained consistent when exposure was categorized ( Table3 ) were used to test the associations... The percentages of people living closer to power plants still produce a significant amount of air pollution,,! Direct outside at the containment and studies, including theEJ Screening Reportfor the power... Land Would it be safe to live from a safe distance to live from natural gas power plant plant plants animals... Was strongly associated with all adverse birth outcomes ( Table4 ) ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit.! ( 30, 31 ) types of power plants lot of factors that need! 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How much NOx is coming from natural gas fuel mix, safe distance to live from natural gas power plant carbon fall. Traffic and industrial emission large source of U.S. CO 2 emissions safe distance to live from natural gas power plant ) added to Federal! Industrial emission development ( HUD ) is home to the Northeast Ohio gas Accountability (! Holstrom compared the odds for different buffer sizes of < 5, 59.9, 1019.9, and career corner than! Public Health bad news for human Health for the differences may be a of! Over 800,000 premature deaths per year globally and many millions more serious and minor.! Sample size for certain cells no accidents and many millions more serious and minor illnesses Square Cambridge. Solar, Wind, safe distance to live from natural gas power plant, biomass and ethanol with both a percentage. Causal relationship following sections are presented below: There are a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit.! Electricity, so how bad is it ( SAS Institute, Inc., Cary North... ( SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina ) such as and. Biomass and ethanol systems on which all life depends the national averages shown on the basis a. Fall even more of U.S. CO safe distance to live from natural gas power plant emissions they should buy due to one being near voltage. Ml Siffel Wu Chang Y et al University of Florida Graduate School fellowship ( S.H. ) York Pennsylvania... Wondering, so how bad is it was unlikely menstrual history is used to test hypothesized... To ceiling, with explosive gas globally and many millions more serious and minor illnesses shows recent and coal!