Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. mangrove wetlands. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. The practice may be temporary solution . Minna. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. 1. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. Dredging and sand filling activity removes the benthic species community. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] Therefore with the enormous power conferred on the governments in each state, they can easily acquire or seize land in the name of public good and repossess it as private property for their personal aggrandizement. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. London, SW7 2QJ, We provide you with the latest breaking news. Coastal sites are preferred by land speculators because they usually off-city limits and isolated from the rest of the population. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. Advertisement The tender for the. At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. This smart city (Songo IBD) is now part of the elements that is very crucial to the economy of the Asian country because of wide-range of economic activities that are connected to it. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. You have entered an incorrect email address! We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. 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Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. Succession: this is the replacement of a particular land use with another land use. This is because of the rising spate of sand mining activities that had taken over most coastal areas. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. But ecology sees farther ahead.. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. The water channel has to be set up to facilitate interconnectivity. This method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. Israeli police clashed Wednesday with protesters rallying against the government's judicial reform programme which critics say threatens democracy, as lawmakers held a preliminary vote on the latest controversial bill. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. Ilubirin is also a new one which has been viewed as a viable project that is being undertaken by the Lagos State Ministry of Housing and First Investment Development Company, and it is estimated to gulp about $500million (N200 billion). The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. More than a thousand acres of land was to be created by building a seawall more than 6km in length with. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. This situation had precipitated the uncontrolled reclamation of coastal lands [4]. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. The dumping of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants and increases the heavy metal concentration of the soil [3]. Population increase has led to the migration of people towards the coastal locations. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. However, the Lagos state government has allayed the fear that is being raised in some quarters as regards the massive land reclamation across the state. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. From the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around 22. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. Salt marshes and mangrove forests that line the coasts in temperate and tropical regions respectively are also endangered because of human desire to live and do business along coasts through the execution of different coastal development projects; land subsidence from oil and gas drilling and dams that hold back marsh-building sediments [17, 18]. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. by SurefireFashion: 11:32pm On Mar 17, 2017 following Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. The continuous pumping and pouring of sand ashore after a while lead to the formation of sand mountains, which are more often abandoned at the end of the business (Figure 4). Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. The second example is another site known as Borikiri in the outskirts of Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. This section that descibes Open access especially from an aquatic environment after solidification still standing habitat type because can... The communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding C. and. And set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations right is the of... 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