The battle began around midnight near the Shaifer House four miles west of town. Brig. Photographed By Tom Bosse, July 2, 2017. Part of the battle was fought on the Bruinsburg Road at Point Lookout. Against this target, Grant poised his army to strike. McPhersons Corps marched along Bruinsburg Road. The remaining garrison at Grand Gulf was evacuated the next day. Situated atop dominate bluffs overlooking a sweeping bend of the river, Vicksburg was a tough nut to crack. At the onset of the American Civil War, the State of Tennessee comprised most of the northern border of the Confederate States of America in the West. The road over which the blue soldiers now marched led to the Shaifer House, roughly 1.5 miles from Port Gibson. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus's 9th Division facing that direction. Many of the bullets buried themselves in the wagon-load of furniture. As the long column tramped down this road many officers were on foot. To the east, a ring of forts, mounting 172 guns, shielded the city from an overland assault. Tracy dispatched infantry and artillery to Greens assistance minutes before cannons began to pound his own line, signaling the advance of a new Union column under Brig. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! quadrangle map, only one small, intensive level survey was performed within the battlefield area. Almost by mutual consent, the fighting ebbed by 3:00 a.m., and the weary soldiers in blue and gray rested on their arms. After five and one-half hours of shelling by Porter's squadron failed to silence Fort Cobun, a Confederate artillery stronghold guarding the Mississippi River, Grant called an end to the Battle of Grand Gulf. Gen. Eugene A. Carr engaged Confederate pickets near the Shaifer House. Despite a valiant effort by Col. Isham W. Garrot, taking over for Tracy, his line was outflanked and he was forced to withdraw. This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. Just then, a single shot rang out as the Confederate pickets spotted movement in the distance. On the night of April 16, seven gunboats and three supply ships under the command of Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter ran the gauntlet of Confederate batteries along the river. Eleven were killed on the field and 10 died of wounds. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The Federal landing at Bruinsburg, Mississippi, on April 30, 1863, and the ensuing victory at the Battle of Port Gibson the next day, cemented a Union presence in western Mississippi that led to the eventual downfall of the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River. Wayne Hsieh/Flickr. When spring arrived, Grant set a new plan into motion. Gen. J.S. The general tried to calm their fears by telling them that the enemy could not possibly arrive before daylight. In late April 1863, Union troops on the west bank advanced toward Vicksburg. Copyright20062023,Somerightsreserved. Having developed each other's positions, the opposing forces sat down and waited for daylight. 3 Mississippi (Claiborne County), Port Gibson Battle of Port Gibson On May 1, 1863, Confederate forces under Brig. Gen. John Bowen clashed with elements of two Union corps commanded by Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant. . The Union victory at the Battle of Port Gibson cost Grant 875 casualties (131 killed, 719 wounded, and 25 missing). Battle of Port Gibson - Grant's March Marker. With the aid of Admiral Porters gunboats, Grant attempted to move Major General John A. McClernands 13th Army Corps down the Mississippi River on transport barges and execute a landing on the east bank at Grand Gulf, at the juncture of the Mississippi and the Big Black River roughly thirty miles below Vicksburg. Supplies were piled on all sorts of wagons and carriages for the surprise march on the Confederates. According to data recorded on the Widow's Creek U.S.G.S. Twenty minutes after the troops had been staged for the assault, the Confederates were retreating into the Bayou Pierre bottoms, having left behind several hundred prisoners. Consider donating to their mission to preserve battlefields like Port Gibson for future generat. . Within six weeks, Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, establishing Federal control of both waterways. Successive Union attacks buckled the Confederate lines. [4], The surviving Shaifer plantation house is now owned by the state. At the onset of the American Civil War, the State of Tennessee comprised the majority of the northern border of the Confederate States of America in the West. Forced to defend two approaches to Port Gibson, Bowen divided his already heavily outnumbered forces. On April 29, 1863, Grant put his grand scheme into action. Many of the bullets buried themselves in the wagon-load of furniture. Hinds County and Warren County, MS|May 17, 1863, Warren County, MS|May 18-Jul 4, 1863. As McPherson's troops moved along Rodney Road in the dark, they encountered light opposition from Green's advance patrols until stopping at about 3 a.m. Every purchase supports the mission. Every purchase supports the mission. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. [Wikimedia Commons]. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Sherman's feint against the Yazoo Bluffsthe Battle of Snyder's Bluffwas a complete success, and only a single Confederate brigade was detached south. Bowen lost 787 soldiers (60 killed, 340 wounded, and 387 missing). Grant would then detach Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand's XIII Corps to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks at Port Hudson, Louisiana, while Sherman hurried to join Grant and James B. McPherson and the XVII Corps for an inland move against the railroad. When Confederate reinforcements arrived from Brigadier General William E. Baldwins and Colonel Francis M. Cockrells brigades, the Rebels established a succession of new lines while being forced back steadily. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. On May 1, 1863, Confederate forces under Brig. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled. Port Hudson West Gulf Blockading Squad. The men act nobly, but the odds are overpowering." (CSA). Struck with the realization that McPherson could cut him off from the bridge over the Big Black River, Bowen ordered the formidable defenses at Grand Gulf abandoned, the magazine exploded, and the heavy artillery destroyed. Bowen moved south from Grand Gulf with Brig. Federal efforts to push rapidly inland were slowed because McClernand had forgotten to issue rations to the men. The site is owned, operated, and funded by R.Squared Communications, LLC. Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton, commander of Confederate troops near Vicksburg, had roughly 30,000 soldiers under his authority. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The creators behind American History Central are historians, developers, and website specialists who have built multiple digital encyclopedias. Windsor Plantation. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield, For Sale: Three Battlefield Tracts Spanning Three Wars, Preserve 128 Sacred Acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown. An informative marker tells the story behind the mansion, including its demise. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! Battle of Port Gibson Grants March Marker, Former U.S. Presidents: #18 Ulysses S. Grant, Alcorn Agricultural And Mechanical College. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. The only Confederate cavalry in the area, Wirt Adams's regiment, had been ordered away to pursue Grierson's raiders, and Maj. Gen. John S. Bowen performed a reconnaissance in force to determine Grant's intentions. William T. Shermanattempted to storm the city but came up short at Chickasaw Bayou. The site is owned, operated, and funded by R.Squared Communications, LLC. Gen. John Bowen, in overall Confederate command on the field, worked feverishly to restore his line. Reinforced by Brig. Because the city was perched atop a heavily fortified bluff, they decided to cross the Mississippi downstream from it and circle around from the rear. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Confederate forces were entrenched at nearby Magnolia Church. A few miles to the south, McClernands Corps traveled along Rodney Road. Porters troop transports, landing at Bruinsburg. Sundown found the two sides settling into a stalemate along a broad front on the Rodney Road several miles from Port Gibson. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. MOVING INLAND: BATTLE OF PORT GIBSON The first day ashore, Grant pushed McClernand two miles inland to high, dry ground and on toward the town of Port Gibson, where a bridge across Big Bayou Pierre led to Grand Gulf (which Grant coveted as a supply base on the Mississippi). If Bowen had known that Grant's men were landing at Bruinsburg and not Rodney, he would have taken a position on the bluffs above Bruinsburg, denying Grant's army a bridgehead into the area. General Orders, No. Obtaining the full control of the Mississippi River was an early and vital war aim for the Federals. The first strong point on the Mississippi was the Gibraltar of the Confederacy,Vicksburg. The Battle of Port Gibson was a resounding Union victory which secured Grants beachhead east of the Mississippi River and cleared the way to the Southern Railroad supplying Vicksburg. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. To the east, a ring of forts, mounting 172 guns, shielded the city from an overland assault. A desperate Confederate counterattack by Cockrells Missourians was repulsed and Bowen ordered a retreat. The Battle of Port Gibson was fought near Port Gibson, Mississippi, on May 1, 1863, between Union and Confederate forces during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. Green quickly mounted and raced back to Magnolia Church to alert his brigade. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! Fighting erupted shortly after midnight on May 1 as Union soldiers encountered Bowen's men in the dense undergrowth near Magnolia Church and continued into the next day. American History Central is an independent encyclopedia of American history. The Battle of Port Gibson Having landed on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River unopposed at Bruinsburg, the Union army pushed steadily inland through the night on April 30, 1863. Rather than moving forward to confront the Union invasion force at Bruinsburg, where it was most vulnerable, Pemberton chose to keep most of his troops in garrison at Vicksburg. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. [4], After a number of failed attempts to reach Vicksburg from the north and northeast, Union General Ulysses S. Grant decided to march his army down the west side of the Mississippi River, past Vicksburg, and locate a crossing area from which he could reach the city from the south. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. Farragut made two attempts to do so in May and June 1862, but both excursions failed. On May 2, Grant quickly maneuvered Bowen out of position by sending McPherson to cross the Bayou Pierre at a ford several miles upstream. The stillness of the night was shattered as a volley of musketry came in reply. [2][4] In 2009, the battlefield was designated by the Civil War Preservation Trust as one of its Top 10 most endangered Civil War battlefields. Donning a cloak to disguise his rank, he reviewed the front lines and quickly devised a turning movement that would render untenable the entire Confederate right flank. As an Amazon Associate, the owner of Ohio Civil War Central can earn from qualifying purchases. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. He intended to storm Grand Gulf, while his subordinate Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman and the XV Corps deceived the main army in Vicksburg by feigning an assault on the Yazoo Bluffs. . Battle of Chickasaw Bayou (December 2629, 1862), The Union victory at the Battle of Port Gibson, Battle of Big Black River Bridge (May 17). The men act nobly, but the odds are overpowering. After two desperate Rebel counterattacks failed in the late afternoon, Bowen recognized the futility of further resistance against the Union onslaught and ordered a retreat, leaving behind several hundred prisoners. To divert attention from his main operations, Grant ordered Sherman to feign an attack against Confederate forces stationed at Snyders Bluff, upriver from Vicksburg, from April 29 through May 1. If you would like to know more, please contact us. See and touch history at Historic Sites, Museums and special events, Restore your historic home or property, get tax credits, renovation tips, This map depicts the opening battles in the Union campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, in May 1863. Records 1 - 52. The Battle of Port Gibson was one of the turning points of the War between the States, since this defeat of the Confederates led to the capture of Vicksburg. The site is also known as the Grindstone Ford. Night fighting such as this was rare during the Civil War because it was difficult to maintain command and control of the troops. The action intensified on both roads at dawn as the Federals resumed their push toward Port Gibson. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield, For Sale: Three Battlefield Tracts Spanning Three Wars, Preserve 128 Sacred Acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown. The area is now largely wooded, with a scattering of non-historic houses and other buildings, mainly along Rodney Road which roughly bisects the battlefield. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Too late to do anything more than affirm Bowen's decision, Maj. Gen. William W. Loring arrived and took command of the Confederates. The only surviving historic structure is the Shaifer plantation house, which is where the battle began. Grant then returned his attention to Vicksburg. Records 53-97. Although most of the Port Gibson battlefield is still privately owned, the Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 644 acres (2.61km2) of the Port Gibson battlefield. [4], U.S. National Register of Historic Places, List of National Historic Landmarks in Mississippi, National Register of Historic Places listings in Claiborne County, Mississippi, "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Battle of Port Gibson / Battle of Thompson's Hill / Battle of Magnolia Hills", History Under Siege: Port Gibson designated by the Civil War Preservation Trust as a Top 10 most endangered Civil War battlefield in 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Gibson_Battlefield&oldid=1103087379, This page was last edited on 8 August 2022, at 08:24. Leading up to the Battle of Port Gibson in the spring of 1863, confederate troops used the roof observatory as a lookout as Grant's army crossed the Mississippi River. As the situation deteriorated, Bowen wired his superiors: "We have been engaged in a furious battle ever since daylight; losses very heavy. A flanking assault by Col. Francis Cockrell's Missouri brigade crumpled the Federal right flank and gave McClernand pause. The remaining garrison at Grand Gulf was evacuated the next day. Grant launched his campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the spring of 1863, starting his army south from Milliken's Bend on the west side of the Mississippi River. By mid-April, his men had carved a path through the Louisiana wilderness that would enable Grant to march the Army of the Tennessee past Vicksburg, cross the river, and then attack the city from the south. After landing at Bruinsburg, Ulysses S. Grant . Five-and-one-half hours of shelling by Porters squadron failed to silence Fort Cobun, a Confederate artillery stronghold guarding the Mississippi River. Windsor Battlefield Tour. This was the first battle for the 29th Wisconsin Infantry, which fought for more than an hour against the Confederates. The house was used by Maj. Gen. John A McClernand for his headquarters and later used as a hospital. On January 30, 1862, the Western Theater commander, General Henry Halleck, reluctantly approved Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant's request to attack Fort Henry, located on the Tennessee River. Sporadic skirmishing and artillery fire continued until 3 a.m. Old Natchez Trace (132-3T), located northeast of Port Gibson in Claiborne County, Mississippi, about 0.7 miles north of the Mangum Mound Site at milepost 45.7. As he relaxed, he caught up on correspondence, including a message from Banks that he was nowhere near Port Hudson. Just then, a single shot rang out as the Confederate pickets spotted movement in the distance. Under threat of being surrounded, Bowen also evacuated the formidable Fort Cobun at Grand Gulf, yielding control of the area to Grants Army of the Tennessee. The brigades of Brig. Confederate Brig. Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton, the commander of Confederate troops in and around Vicksburg, had roughly 30,000 soldiers at his disposal. The 23rd Wisconsin Infantry was held in reserve during the morning but in the afternoon captured 20 prisoners. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield, For Sale: Three Battlefield Tracts Spanning Three Wars, Preserve 128 Sacred Acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. The Union Army was led by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and they were victorious. Meanwhile, Grant's troop barges ran past Fort Cobun under the protection of Porter's gunboats. Grant launched his campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the spring of 1863, starting his army south from Milliken's Bend on the . As a result, the landing was unchallenged and the only Confederates nearby were Major General John S. Bowen's force of 6,000-8,000 soldiers who had marched to Port Gibson after thwarting Grant's landing at Grand Gulf the previous day. Soon after, Tracy was killed by a snipers bullet. Fortunately for Grant, Pemberton took his orders to defend Vicksburg at all costs literally. Explore the known interments of Soldiers' Rest Cemetery. By 1863, Union forces controlled almost the entire length of the Mississippi River. This was the largest amphibious landing of troops prior to World War II. Almost by mutual consent the fighting ebbed by 3:00 a.m. and the weary soldiers in blue and gray rested on their arms. With two of the three main rivers connecting the North and South under Union control, the Federals turned their attention to the Mississippi River. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Fighting in the scattered fields and forest around the Shaifer House intensified as more Union regiments and batteries came into action. United States. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! A portion of the troops turned left following the road past Windsor, but the bulk turned right, coming to Bethel Church, and turning east here. The bluff upon which the city sits made it nearly impossible to assault from the river. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. 1. Gen. Alvin P. Hovey's 12th Division arrived and surged forward just as Carr's men were storming the Confederate position. Confederate forces were entrenched at Magnolia Church. The ragtag army that had fought so well at Port Gibson would not rest until they had entered the Warrenton fortifications nearly ten miles away. The presence of the Natchez Road figured in the May 1, 1863 Battle of Port Gibson.In that battle, Union forces under General Ulysses S . Known as The Gibraltar of the Confederacy, the city seemed to be impregnable. The battle began around midnight near the Shaifer House four miles west of town. Mine Run - Conf. As Greens men scrambled to the rear, Brig. Gen. Robert E. Lee. The Shaifer House was the site of the opening shots in the Battle of Port Gibson. After the battle the mansion was used as a Union hospital and observation post, thus sparing it from being burned by Union troops. The Battle of Port Gibson was a resounding Union victory that secured Grants beachhead east of the Mississippi River and cleared the way to the Southern Railroad supplying Vicksburg. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. Meanwhile, Grant approached the city with the bulk of his army from the east, but Rebel cavalry cut his supply lines, forcing him to retreat before launching an assault. Bowen deployed Brigadier General Martin E. Greens Brigade west of Port Gibson along Rodney Road and he stationed Brigadier General Edward D. Tracys brigade across Bruinsburg Road. Contents 1 Background 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 Battlefield preservation 5 See also 6 References Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. The victory was key in setting the foundation for Grant's successful conclusion to the Vicksburg Campaign. Despite heavy Rebel fire, Porter passed the city, losing only one ship. Here they began improving the fortifications along the roads to Vicksburg, expecting that Grant would be close behind. In June, the Union tightened its grip on the Mississippi, when Federal forces captured the river city of Memphis, Tennessee. During the winter, Grant made several unsuccessful attempts to approach Vicksburg from other directions. Windsor Ruins. While in Port Gibson, a visit to Windsor Ruins is a must. To complete the river crossing, however, Grant needed the help of his naval forces. Battle of Port Gibson: May 1 Upon landing his troops in Mississippi, Union General Grant meets Confederate resistance and the first shots of the Vicksburg Campaign are f Grant's Army Pushes Inland: May 2-11 Grant marches inland to strike the railroad and cut off Vicksurg and Confederate General Pemberton. Confederate Brig. Navys. As a result, the landing was unchallenged and the only Confederates nearby were Major General John S. Bowens force of 6,000-8,000 soldiers who had marched to Port Gibson after thwarting Grants landing at Grand Gulf the previous day. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. Join us July 13-16! After two desperate counterattacks failed in the late afternoon, Bowen recognized the futility of further resistance against the Union onslaught and ordered a retreat, leaving behind several hundred prisoners. Bowen repulsed the Union navy at Grand Gulf, Major Gen. U.S. Grant landed his troops on the Louisiana side and marched them down river. The general tried to calm their fears by telling them that the enemy could not possibly arrive before daylight. This strategic battle was fought eight miles west of Bethel Church on May 1, 1863. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. If Union forces could gain control of the Mississippi, they could deny the Confederacy easy access to supplies from the Gulf of Mexico and territories in the American West. On April 22, six more boats made it through, bringing Grant the supplies he needed to launch his assault on Vicksburg. The Battle of Port Gibson on May 1, 1863 was a pivotal event of the Civil War in Mississippi which featured the largest amphibious operation of the United States army prior to June 6, 1944. Gen. Martin E. Green was inspecting his picket line at the Shaifer House shortly after midnight when he was amused to see Mrs. Shaifer and the women of the house frantically loading a wagon with all their household items. An independent encyclopedia of American history as a Union hospital and observation post thus... Down and waited for daylight in Port Gibson, a visit to Windsor Ruins is a must,. 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