), Ermdung, Schlaf und Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. Rados R, Cartwright RD. However, considering the high prevalence of dreams during this phase it should be more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep. 73. Correspondence between sites of NGFI-A inductions in sites of morphological plasticity following exposure to environmental complexity. Considering that most dreams in rats (31,32) are related to olfaction, not to vision, potentials that resemble PGOs in the amygdala of this animal species should also be taken as signs of dreaming rather than PGOs. Confrontations Psychiatriques 1986;27:153-81. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. 61. 63. J Neurophysiol 1966;29:871-87. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). Essential manifestations of dreaming are the conscious experience, the electrophysiological, the motor and the vegetative expression of oniric behaviors in humans as well as in other animals. 112. Xu Q, Xie H, Zheng D, Wu X, Zhang Y, Li T, Yan T. J Pers Med. A theory that has many followers is the one that connects dreams, in particular, desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation. 101. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). No PGO potentials have been found in rats (70). Nikolaev E, Kaminska B, Tischmeyer W, Matthies E, Kaczmarek L. Induction of expression of genes encoding transcription factors in the rat brain elicited by behavioral training. Arch Ital Biol 1969;107:175-216. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Phasic events indicating presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents to the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. Winson (1990) believes that dreams "reflect an individual strategy for survival. It has, however, been utilized with a great success in sleep studies. Since evoking visual reminiscences during wakefulness and the building up of dreams with visual information are dependent on the visual cortex, both facts can be correlated. Valle AC, Pellarin L, Timo-Iaria C. Oniric patterns in the rat. 30. 21. Shiromani PJ, Winston S, McCarley RW. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. WebDream theories developed by Freud suggest that dreams are psychological, revealing hidden urges, for example. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Hobson, Pace-Schott & Stickgold (2000) do not take into consideration that a single object or a brief key fact or image occurring in the day preceding a given dream may be enough to trigger an entire dreamed "story" related to it (120). Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. Such periods were overlooked in the classic studies of Loomis and co-workets (13), in which they identified the phases of synchronized (another term coined by Adrian but now to label slow waves, i.e., potentials with a low frequency and a high voltage) sleep. Experimental methodologies permitted investigation of the responsiveness of dreams to external stimulation and the effects of deprivation of REM sleep. 92. Despite such facts, some physiologists do not agree that heart rate and blood pressure decrease during desynchronized sleep. 2021 Aug 30;24(2):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543. NeuroReport 1997;8:3-7. However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. Respiratory frequency decreases during the entire sleep cycle but is phasically activated during dreaming because it is a vegetative function that has to be increased in any behavior, including the oniric ones. 136. 55. Hernndez-Pen R. A neurophysiologic model of dreams and hallucinations. Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). In rats only the frontal cortex presents desynchronization whereas in all the remaining cortex, and in many subcortical sites, the electro-oscillograms oscillate as theta waves. Braun et al. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. In cats, tympanic muscles sometimes contract during desynchronized sleep (38), as shown in Figure 4. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. Silent functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates focal activation in rapid eye movement sleep. Eye movements in humans predominate because vision is our main sensory channel and our visual memory is overwhelmingly predominant, resulting in preponderance of visual dreams. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Salvert D, Touret M, Toyama M, Jouvet M. Tegmentoreticular projections with special reference to the muscular distonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. Doricchi F, Violani C. Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. In humans, both reflex activities are also deeply inhibited during desynchronized sleep. Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. C R S Soc Biol 1978;172:9-21. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. 18. 16. 45. Analysis of psychological theories concerning functions of dreams. The earliest theory to emerge, Freuds psychoanalytic theory, takes an observational approach to identifying the function that dreams serve. Freud theorized that dreams are the result of unfulfilled wishes or desires in the subjects life. During REM sleep, several physiological changes also take place. 43. Electroencerph Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:617-29. In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. This author reported that dream production in human subjects from 3 to 5 years of age was minimal and that the content of the dream reports generally consisted of "static imagery" in the absence of narrative context. We propose that the function of dream sleep (more properly rapid-eye movement or REM sleep) is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman MB, Kupfer DJ, Moore Ry. Unfortunately, despite the opinion of great scientists of the past, most researchers that deal with sleep and dreaming, probably moved by philosophical, religious prejudice and a faulty reasoning, do not accept the idea that non-human animals do dream. 4 According to Freud, Guazzi M, Baccelli G, Zanchetti A. Carotid body chemoreceptors: physiological role in buffering fall in blood pressure during sleep. 66. During normal walking the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles are mobilized in opposition but when they contract as part of a dream their contraction may be in opposition (in some periods), what happens in normal deambulatory movements, or simultaneous (in subsequent or preceding periods), which does not occur in normal deambulation. Candia et al. In: Pompeiano, O. 108. As a prevailing concept even today, dreams were considered premonitory, messages from the dead and mystical warnings. It seems that not only humans but also dogs, cows, sheep and goats and the entire family of four-legged viviparous animals do dream. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. Brain Res 2002, submitted. 88. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. The heart rate and breathing quickens, and blood pressure rises. A nerve growth factor-induced gene encodes a possible trancriptional regulatory factor. Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. 65. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. 31. 75. Cesar Timo-Iaria (in memorian); Angela Cristina do Valle. WebPsychoanalytic theory of dream: Advanced by Freud, the psychoanalytic theory of dream stands as the most valid and fundamental among all the theories of dream. From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. Brain activity during this time keeps us When the rat moves the head, for example (which may indicate a vestibular dream), heart rate goes up and may be as high as 330 bpm, similar to that occurring during attentive behavior. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental stimulation of motor activity in man. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. Heiss W-D, Pawlik G, Herholz K, Wagner R, Weinhard K. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in man during wakefulness, sleep, and dreaming. 48. Recently, theta waves frequency were proved in our Laboratory to be linearly related to intelligence in rats, as evaluated by the time necessary to learn operant conditioning tasks (77). Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in human sleep assessed by positron emission tomography. The discovery of the close association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dreaming and development of sleep laboratory techniques ushered in a new era in the study of dreams. Studi Psicologici e Clinici di un Alienista. Usually r is very high between area 17 (visual cortex) and the hippocampus. Physiol Rev 1967;47:117-77. Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. 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