Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast, but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence. [24] Others, now known as the SothoTswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld,[24] while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. 142168. [211] As the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s, including the armed struggle, widespread civil unrest, economic and cultural sanctions by the international community, and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world, State President F. W. de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party, as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990, after twenty-seven years in prison. [163], In the mid-1980s, police and army death squads conducted state-sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists. In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant F G Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal, which would later become the port of Durban, so named after Benjamin D'Urban, a governor of the Cape Colony. Waterboer, fearing conflict with the Boer republic of Orange Free State, subsequently asked for and received British protection. The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog, forming the National Party (NP) in 1914. The African National Congress won, well ahead of the governing National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party. Discover the meaning of the South African name on Ancestry. Meanwhile, 34-year-old South African pacer Shabnim Ismail not only took three wickets but also registered her name in record books by bowling the fastest ball in women's cricket. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. The VOC, one of the major European trading houses sailing the spice route to the East, had no intention of colonizing the area, instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could be serviced and restock on supplies. About three thousand Zulu warriors died in the clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River.[81][82]. [192][193], South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistncia Nacional Moambicana (RENAMO) rebels, in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO-run government during the Mozambique Civil War, and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana, killing or capturing a number of South African exiles. South African surnames. The Zulu resulted in the mass movement of many tribes who in turn tried to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare and waves of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond. The British High Commission territories of Basutoland (now Lesotho), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), and Swaziland (now Eswatini) continued under direct rule from Britain. Retief Afrikaans Afrikaans form of Rtif. Da Gama's fleet proceeded northwards to Zanzibar and later sailed eastwards, eventually reaching India and opening the Cape Route between Europe and Asia. Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekhukhune to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. [154], The segregationist policies of apartheid stemmed from colonial legislation introduced during the period of Dutch rule in the 17th century, which was continued and expanded upon during the British colonial era, and reached its apogee during the Boer-dominated Union of South Africa. [64], Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians," building the base for what would become the largest Indian diasporic community outside India. -- Cape Town : H. Timmins, 1965. Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa was one of the important centers of human evolution. The stat was also shown on television, which . Philip's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region, and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony. Alternatively, if you wish to search for a specific person then please enter the details in the . The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB (meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a militant neo-Nazi, mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s, and was active until the mid-1990s, openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika. [171] Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder, after a bomb explosion in Soweto. A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970. Another reason for Dutch-speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day, 1 December 1838. Rhodes and Rudd had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley. [24] To this end, a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652. However, an ill-informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the First Boer War. As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture. Independent sovereignty of the republic was formally recognised by Great Britain with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852. During the years immediately following the AngloBoer wars, Britain set about unifying the four colonies including the former Boer republics into a single self-governed country called the Union of South Africa. The first KhoikhoiDutch War broke out in 1659, the second in 1673, and the third 16741677. Pretorius Southern African, Afrikaans From Latin praetor meaning "leader". An estimated five thousand Zulu warriors were involved. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). [202] The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo, which became active mainly in the Cape provinces. Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed. [2] The first nations of South Africa are collectively referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoi Khoi and the San separately. Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds. [86] In the battles that followed, the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories. Abebe: The genesis of this Ethiopian name is Amharic, and it means 'flower' or 'blossom'. [26] Many Portuguese words are still found along the coast of South Africa including Saldanha, Algoa, Natal, Agulhas, Benguela and Lucia. The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later; the siege was broken and the Voortrekkers retreated. A majority of politically moderate Afrikaners were pragmatic and did not support the AWB's extremism. [162] Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. [34] The Cape Articles of Capitulation of 1806 allowed the colony to retain "all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto",[35] and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire, allowing the continuance of Roman-Dutch law. When the war ended, Smuts represented South Africa in San Francisco at the drafting of the United Nations Charter in May 1945. 77. The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960, in which a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa. In further research at the Blombos cave in 2002, stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century. The kingdom controlled trade through the east African ports to Arabia, India and China, and throughout southern Africa, making it wealthy through the exchange of gold and ivory for imports such as Chinese porcelain and Persian glass beads.[25]. Axmed (Somali origin) the variant for Ahmed. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe, which was located near the northern border of present-day South Africa, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present-day Zimbabwe and Botswana, was the first indigenous kingdom in southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300. Many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to Britain and Ireland. [153] The AWB leader Eugne Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010. In 1854, the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. [214] ANC icon Nelson Mandela, asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990: "The nationalisation of the mines, banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC, and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable. The ANC-led government, in a historic reversal of policy, adopted neoliberalism instead. No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe's kingdom, which led to border clashes. [225] The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. Introduction: South Africa has a unique history of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies. [36] This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. Meaning: Spirit. A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni, who later became folk heroes, were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown, a distance of 600km (372.82 miles) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements. Abimbola: [28] The VOC also brought some 71,000 slaves to Cape Town from India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, and Madagascar.[29]. This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers. 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports, where they were housed in segregated compounds. Their South African National Party, later known as the South African Party or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. [24], Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. Guelke, Leonard (1976). Ahishakiye (Rwandan origin) meaning "whenever God wants". CS3012.U5 South Africa 12. The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front.[209]. [198] The armed wing of the ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (abbreviation MK, meaning Spear of the Nation) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war. Nelson Mandela was elected as President on 9 May 1994 and formed a Government of National Unity, consisting of the ANC, the National Party and Inkatha. This list of 100 African girl names includes their meanings, variations, and countries of origin. -- 262 p. CS3080.S6 R6 Bibliography: p. 261-262. A list of references about Personal Names or Surnames at the Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the Library of Congress. Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government. 30. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". [103][104] It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the Scramble for Africa, in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. [23] The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory, forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas. In addition to being a standalone name, Ade is also a diminutive form of other names that begin with Ade. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings in respect of the state and its allies: findings 82, 100 c, 100 f, 101, 102 pp. In mid-1903 there remained barely half of the 90,000 black labourers who had been employed in the industry in mid-1899. Rosenthal, Eric. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. Both sides adopted scorched-earth tactics, with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed. Open hostilities ceased between the Orange Free State and the Basotho. [24], The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief were killed. [126], General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union, with General Jan Smuts as his deputy. The convention came into force on 18 July 1976. 25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). The settlers, incorrectly, believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves. It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the affairs of the region, which the British named Transorange. A president may serve a maximum of two terms. Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress. The colony, with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904[56] ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province. British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. [238] A lack of investment in new power generating capacity and an aging fleet of existing power plants was the initial cause of the crisis. Means "lion" in Tswana and Sotho. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. Over 7,000 South Africans were killed, and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the course of the war. Botha (pronounced / b r t / in non-rhotic dialects of English, Afrikaans pronunciation: ) is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Friso-Saxon Both. They moved about 500 miles eastward, over the Quathlamba (today known as the Drakensberg mountain range), settling ultimately in an area officially designated as "Nomansland", which the Griquas renamed Griqualand East. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times. Abundant, cheap African labour was central to the success of Kimberley diamond mining, as it would later also be to the success of gold mining on the Witwatersrand. Barend-van Haeften, Marijke; Paasman, Bert: Delmas, Adrien, 'The Role of Writing in the First Steps of the Colony: A Short Enquiry in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, 16521662', in. [217], The immediate post-apartheid period was marked by an exodus of skilled, white South Africans amid crime related safety concerns. [105][106], Although many tales abound, there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th century on the Witwatersrand (meaning White Waters Ridge) of the Transvaal. . For more parenting tips and tricks, find us on Pinterest: Are you a writer, expert, or influencer? Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. Origin of Surnames Throughout history humans have been known by more than one name to distinguish them from other people with the same name. [179] The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. [108], Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. [92], During the final campaign, Sekukuni (also spelled Sekhukhune) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water. Information department, Government of Lesotho. The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877, during Britain's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule. du Toit is an Afrikaans surname of French origin, originally from Franois du Toit, a Huguenot who moved to South Africa in 1686. Specifics of the contact between Bantu-speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched, although linguistic proof of assimilation exists, as several southern Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) are theorised in that they incorporate many click consonants from the Khoisan languages, as possibilities of such developing independently are valid as well. Origin: Tswana, Southern African Meaning: Blessed one, blessings Alternative Spellings & Variations: Sego Famous Namesakes: Masego Ntshingane, Botswanan athlete Peak Popularity: Masego isn't a very popular name in the United States. [32] In 1805, the British inherited the Cape as a prize during the Napoleonic Wars,[24] again seizing the Cape from the French controlled Kingdom of Holland which had replaced the Batavian Republic.[33]. 32. After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively designated a World Heritage site. Abebe - Origin: Ethiopian. Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. Portrayals of indenture in recent South African writing", "Indianness Reconfigured, 1944-1960: The Natal Indian Congress in South Africa - The O'Malley Archives", "Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D", "Eastern Cape Wars of Dispossession 1779-1878 | South African History Online", "Jacob Zuma a spawn of collaborators trying to right old wrongs", "Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century | Britannica", "Black involvement in the AngloBoer War, 18991902", "Partner in the Struggle against Apartheid", "Volume Five Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report", "Institute of Security Studies, Monograph No.81", Political pardons would damage the legacy of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/21/ares21.htm. [146] The anti-semitic Boerenasie (Boer Nation) and other similar groups soon joined them. [158], In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke. [143], General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's war-time Prime Minister Winston Churchill. "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson. [80], The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with Southern African states.[40]. Some groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Ismail bowled a delivery at a speed of 80 miles per hour i.e. [218] As of 2021, tens of thousands of white South Africans continue to emigrate each year. Much later, in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle-class British immigrants (most of them "in trade") to leave Great Britain. A Adriaanse Alberts (name) B Badenhorst Bakkes Bekker Blaauw Blignault Blignaut Booi Booysen Boshoff Bosman Botha Breytenbach Burger (surname) Buys C Cilliers Cloete (surname) Coetzee Cronje Meaning "lynx" in English. As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. For the veterans among your South African ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions. Pearson Longman. [1] South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age. 83,000 Blacks and 2,500 Coloureds and Asians also served in either German South-West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. Infographic: Top African Surnames Rich In History And Culture Most Popular African Last Names Or Surnames 1. At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found. Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre. In 2015, the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced, named Homo naledi. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. Following the Invasion of the Cape Colony by the British in 1795 and 1806, mass migrations collectively known as the Great Trek occurred during which the Voortrekkers established several Boer settlements on the interior of South Africa. The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved. Ndlovu: Means elephant. The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. There are 3,000 census records available for the last name South African. Colin Newbury, "Technology, Capital, and Consolidation: The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited, 18801889". Nala Origin: Somali, African Meaning: Us Alternative Spellings & Variations: Naala, Nale, Nahla, Nalla Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed Griqualand West in 1871, with a Lieutenant-General and legislative council. [147] When the war ended, the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party.[148][149]. 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. The "aliens" objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote, and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits, and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government.[119]. The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the Batavian Republic, which was closely allied to revolutionary France. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. Sorry, we couldn't find geographic distribution information for South African. The ANC had risen to power on the strength of a socialist agenda embodied in a Freedom Charter, which was intended to form the basis of ANC social, economic and political policies. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the Kew Letters, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. Since then, the African National Congress has governed South Africa, in an alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions. [14][15][16] The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain.[17][18]. Both Prime Minister Louis Botha and Defence Minister Jan Smuts were former Second Boer War generals who had previously fought against the British, but they now became active and respected members of the Imperial War Cabinet. As Cape Prime Minister, Rhodes curtailed the multi-racial franchise, and his expansionist policies set the stage for the Second Boer War. Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals, so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia. Available at, Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109. The meaning of this strong African boys' name makes it ideal for the first son of a family that has Ibibio ancestry. The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the post-1994 democratic order was irreversible. By the late 1700s, the Cape Colony population had grown to include a large number of mixed-race so-called "coloureds" who were the offspring of extensive interracial relations between male Dutch settlers, Khoikhoi females, and female slaves imported from Dutch colonies in the East. The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. 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