Congress finally passed a Displaced Persons Act only reluctantly, and without public hearings. The 1967 United Nations Refugee Protocol expanded the 1951 Refugee Convention, which had originally limited the definition of refugee to people who had been displaced in Europe prior to 1951. Choose which phrase was a factor in President Truman's decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan. "Dear Mr. President," Nashville, Tennessee, January or February "Dear Mr. President," New York, New York, January or February Letter from Alan Lomax to Wilhelmina Waters, April 3, 1942. It was difficult for him to gauge where the Allies would strike next. all of Japan's aircraft carriers were mistakenly directed to Guam. purchasing government war bonds. C) about 15 years b.) What events is the preamble referring to in this excerpt? Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the president of the United States for the majority of this time, from 1933 to 1945. Pressure from China, a.) Those men held power by selling everyone else a myth: The biggest threat to workers like you are . What was the main result of the Wannsee Conference in January 1942? C. holding off a German offensive by himself after ordering his troops to withdraw. D. C. A. Japanese attacks on U.S. ships trading with China. Almost every country in the world participated in World War II.Most were neutral at the beginning, but only a relatively few nations remained neutral to the end. After the United States entered World War II, immigrants from which of the following countries became eligible for U.S. citizenship? Six million European Jews had been murdered. ", d.) A. At the Potsdam Conference, the D. Aggressive, What was the effect of this reaction on the aggressors? C. American attempts to take over Japanese-controlled territory. C. legal They had developed a new technology that was able to jam the Nazi radar. D. The United States did not sign the 1951 Refugee Convention. preventing Soviet intervention in the region. Mario likes diving\underline{\text{diving}}diving best of all sports. supporting the United States in the war against Japan D. Japanese Americans feared that Japan would try to punish them for siding with the United States in the war. He died of a brain hemorrhage on April 12,1945. The Pearl Harbor attack The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor began just before 8 a.m. local time Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. C. make certain that the United States would stay neutral. After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States declared war against Japan and entered World War II. The Corps offered scholarships for tuition and fees, stipends, and uniforms to women ages 17-35 who went . A. . B. Question 9. Through the government's bracero program, C. More expansion the Japanese were not expecting a U.S. offensive there. d.) "I was outraged when the government nationalized my business and forced us to produce war material." C. to provide support to the Filipino rebels there who were putting up resistance to the Japanese B. In 1929, immigration was further limited to a total of 153,879 and the new quotas were re-calculated using complicated math based on the existing national origins of the population as reflected in the 1920 census and the new immigration cap. What ultimately prevented the Nazis from conquering Great Britain in 1940? In what periods was the Mississippi River a national boundary, and why was control of the river important for the United States? A. a group of volunteer fighter pilots who fought the Japanese in the Pacific. US consulates in Nazi-occupied territory shut down in July 1941. d.) Shortly after entering World War II, the United States began the Manhattan Project to. The vote was bipartisan and was not close (293-41). After the Day of Infamy: "Man-on-the-Street" Interviews Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor. It created new quotas, which heavily favored England and northern Europe and set much lower quotas for immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, who had made up the majority of more recent immigration. B) instituted the systematic extermination of German Jews. C. Americans suffered heavy losses at Pearl Harbor. In the following sentences, underline the gerund. A combination of presidential directives and congressional legislation aided other specific groups of refugees. B) the establishment of the U.N. Security Council. A. collect money for the war effort through the sale of war bonds. Developed specifically for educators in Jewish settings, these lessons lead middle and high school students through an examination of the Holocaust from a historical perspective and consider what this particular history has to do with what it means to be Jewish. Without any significant factual evidence, the government perceived Japanese Americans as being a threat to national security. A) U.S. delegate to the League of Nations A.It stated the United States would only accept an unconditional surrender of Germany. The result is a portrait of everyday life in America as the United States entered World War II. Why were Japanese Americans interned during World War II? "The government should have adopted deficit spending during the war to boost the economy instead of focusing on keeping a balanced budget." On November 25, 1936, a month after Germany and Italy entered into a treaty of friendship, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan signed the Anti . Audie Murphy famously received the Congressional Medal of Honor for The initial purpose of the Nazi concentration camps was supposedly to SAN FRANCISCO When Miya Iwataki and other Japanese Americans fought in the 1980s for the U.S. government to apologize to families it imprisoned during World War II, Black politicians and civil rights leaders were integral to the movement. In the end, the United States was forced into the war on December 7th, 1941 when Japan surprise attack the United States at Pearl Harbor. After the united states entered world war ii. Pete Seeger and Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly) recorded original songs for the "Dear Mr. President" interviews. Students review the documents and videos from previous lessons and consider what information supports, expands, or challenges their thinking about the essay. It is our obligation to our deadit is our sacred obligation to their children and to our childrenthat we must never forget what we have learned. The Nuremberg Laws B) the end of World War II. Before a Joint Session of Congress on December 8, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called the attack "a date which will live in . A. (Later on, they would see them as a potential national security risk.) B. the refusal of the U.S. to trade any natural resources with Japan. . Students reflect on the unit as a whole and begin to write a strong thesis statement for their essay. The War against Poland: Speed and Brutality, The Jewish Ghettos: Separated from the World. B. A.Germany was able to take over much of Europe by 1940. C) She maintains an optimistic view of humankind. C. What major advantage did the United States possess over the Soviet Union following the war? A) Spanish Civil War and World War II cutting off its access to the rich Caucasus oil fields. A. the Atlantic Charter To convince islanders to support the United States against Japan d.) A) the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights it halted the Japanese advance and put them on the defensive. D) forced Jews out of their homes and into tightly cramped ghettoes. Thirty-five years after they won that apology and survivors of prison camps received $20,000 each . D. a.) ", Choose the statement that accurately reflects the relationship between private business and the federal government during World War II. A. Select an argument used to oppose U.S. involvement in World War II. Public anti-immigration sentiment remained strongin May 1938, only 23% of Americans were in favor of the immigration of German refugeesand these congressmen believed that legislation reducing immigration would prevail if the subject came up for debate. B. the enforced rationing of consumer goods. What is gangsterism? After World War II, the United States of America entered a period of material abundance, caused largely by increased production. The legislation never made it out of committee for a vote. Alan Lomax was serving as folklore consultant for the project when he sent the December 8, 1941 telegram, asking fieldworkers to collect "man-on-the-street" reactions. retroactively revoked their citizenship. D. a pact signed by the Soviet Union and the United States agreeing to first focus on the war in the Pacific before turning their attention to defeating Germany. The act was meant to solve the midnight races problem and establish a more permanent immigration law. designated certain areas as war zones. After the United States entered World War II, the military's needs quickly brought on a nursing shortage. "The government paid most of the costs for my company to convert to wartime production. b.) ", Choose the statement that describes an economic consequence of the United States as an "arsenal of democracy." A second set of recordings, in which the interviewees were asked to address their thoughts and opinions on the attack and the declaration of war directly to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was made under the auspices of the Office of Emergency Management in January and February 1942. answer choices. What did the Nazi-Soviet pact accomplish for Germany? D) Soviet Union proposed free elections throughout Eastern Europe. D. He issued an order to desegregate the military. B. c.) The 1951 Convention defines the obligations of signatory nations to refugees, and vice versa. Millions of men and women entered military service and saw parts of the world they would likely never have seen otherwise. They had significant military value that helped to keep Japan in the war. In these past few yearsand, most violently, in the past three dayswe have learned a terrible lesson. Which of the following is a reason that the United States initially stayed out of World War II? They underestimated Japan's ability to project military force in the Pacific. A) one million people. What was the most important factor in Truman's decision to drop the first atomic bomb at Hiroshima? "The government paid most of the costs for my company to convert to wartime production. For each word at the left, complete the four derivatives indicated. Why was the United States reluctant to launch a land invasion of Japan? Although the war began with Nazi Germany's attack on Poland in September 1939, the United States did not enter the war until after the Japanese bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. . C. For this reason, the Library has edited the Washington, D.C., audiotapes and transcripts to remove interviewee names. After World War II, thousands of Nazis became informants in the Cold War against the Soviet Union and then got entry into the U.S. Eric Lichtblau's new book, The Nazi Next Door, tells the story. ffidavits, attesting to their identities and good conduct, from several responsible disinterested persons, in addition to financial affidavits. d.) Presumably, the agreement to safeguard the identity of these persons was intentional, as some of the interviewees worked for the Federal government and/or otherwise required anonymity in order to participate. In his 1947 State of the Union, Truman stated, We are dealing with a human problem, a world tragedy. In his 1948 State of the Union, he argued for suitable legislation at once so that this nation may do its share in caring for homeless and suffering refugees of all faiths. Before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, however, Americans were seriously divided over what the role of the United States in the war should be, or if it should even have a role at all. Lend-lease was the term popularly given to the US policy of extending material aid to the Allies before and after the United States entered World War II. A. acknowledged With war already raging in Asia, the invasion sparked a global conflict that lasted until 1945. What was the primary goal of the U.S. strategy of "island hopping" in the Pacific? We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. With President Truman's encouragement, Congress passed limited legislation to aid European displaced persons, including Holocaust survivors. Germany and Japan were to pay for the resettlement of displaced persons from the countries they formerly occupied. C) The Nazis' anti-Semitic propaganda campaign was popular in America. Prevention of Soviet expansion in Asia C) creating a military tribunal to punish those who participated in the Nazi genocide. The preamble mentions "the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind." Using the strategies from Facing History is almost like an awakening. On May 24, 1924, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, also known as the Johnson-Reed Act or the National Origins Act. C. Many Americans favored a strong interventionist foreign policy regarding the situation in Europe and Asia. The United Nations succeeded where the League of Nations failed largely due to On December 9, 1941two days after the attackUS President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the American people on the radio. We expect to eliminate the danger from Japan, but it would serve us ill if we accomplished that and found that the rest of the world was dominated by Hitler and Mussolini. "As a business owner, I had to begin to deduct a federal income tax from my employees' paychecks. D. the Japanese assault on Pearl Harbor. b.) With men off to fight a worldwide war across the Atlantic and the Pacific, women were called to take their place on the production line. Both collections are included in this presentation. Experts believe that if Japan didn't attack Pearl Harbor, then America probably would not have been involved in World War II. B. State Department officials could advise a potential immigrant on the probability that he/she would be allowed to enter due to health or economic status, but entry decisions were made upon disembarking in the United States. He feared it would leave Britain vulnerable to a deadly German counter-offensive. C. committed suicide in his bunker. A. Pages 4 Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. World War II is also known as the Second World War and it was a period of intense conflict which officially started on the 1st of September, 1939 and ended on the 2nd of September 1945. "We found financial self-reliance, which was new for us, after we went to work in the defense industry." D. universal education. By June 1948 Truman had pushed for some sort of legislation on behalf of displaced persons for at least eighteen months. To show unity among world powers A) victory over fear and want, as described in the Four Freedoms speech After the Day of Infamy: "Man-on-the-Street" Interviews Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor presents approximately twelve hours of opinions recorded in the days and months following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, from more than two hundred individuals in cities and towns across the United States. He believed that cutting off Germany's shipping routes on the Atlantic was the key to winning the war. Why were Jewish refugees on the ocean liner St. Louis turned away while trying to enter the United States in 1939? D. It gave Germany a pledge of military support from the Soviet Union. Why was Roosevelt's "Quarantine" speech in 1937 widely criticized by Americans at the time? This enabled Roosevelt to establish what became known as the . But now this isnt so bad anymore. After the United States entered World War II: a) Americans saw little military action for the first few months of 1942. b) Americans immediately won several key battles. The 1953 Refugee Relief Act defined refugee (someone in a non-Communist country fleeing persecution), escapee (someone fleeing communism), and expellee" (an ethnic German forced out of Eastern Europe). The United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on _____. Congress began negotiating a new immigration bill, which would set quotas for the first time on the number of immigrants from each country who could enter the United States. b.) c.) C) They felt it would divert too many resources away from their military operations elsewhere. More colleges and universities were built in the United States. In Article 2, Principle 1, what does sovereign mean? He motivated Americans and established agencies to direct mobilization. C. b.) D. a German airborne force who rescued Mussolini from a mountaintop fortress in Italy. C. WACs sponsored fund raisers to purchase government war bonds. C. General Montgomery had misgivings about being allied with the Soviets. Fears of infiltration and espionage led to additional restrictions on visa applicants. B. C) the policy of putting Jews into concentration camps. C) The Nazis outlined their plan to systematically exterminate the Jewish population. C. C. through the American Lend-Lease Act A) the passing of the War Powers Acts. "We were faced with the possibility of deportation even though we were U.S. While the Nazis took control of Germany and planned for war in Europe, Japan aggressively expanded its control of territory in east Asia by invading Manchuria in 1931 and China in 1937. Circle each direct object. Why was Hitler happy that the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor? The Bataan Death March foreshadowed To protect Australia from a Japanese invasion, a.) . In 1951, the United Nations adopted the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which has been signed by 145 nations. "Because taxes on income were lowered for the middle class, the wealthy, like my family, bore the brunt of funding the war effort. Which area on the map received the MOST aid from the U.S. prior to 1942? Also included are biographies of the fieldworkers who conducted and arranged the interviews, complete transcripts of the interviews, related manuscripts, and original disc sleeves. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution, a world which still seemed to have no place for them. B) head of the United Nations Security Council (spendthrift; thrifty). forcing Italy to surrender and change sides. Hitler 's greatest strategic disadvantage in opposing the Allies' imminent reentry into Europe lay in the immense stretch of Germany 's conquests, from the west coast of France to the east coast of Greece. Japanese attack Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, a territory of the US. A. The United States remained neutral in . The Library of Congress offers classroom materials and professional development to help teachers effectively use primary sources from the Library's vast digital collections in their teaching. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 At this time, documentary requirements were also increased: applicants now needed two financial affidavits instead of one. c.) Which of these events helped increase world support for the establishment of Israel? The main idea behind the United Nations was to Truman, disappointed by the limited reach of the act, said that he would have vetoed it had Congress been in session, but signed the act so there would be some legislation to aid displaced persons, rather than none. A) United States revealed its plan to use the atomic bomb. Public policy, like the so-called GI Bill of Rights passed in 1944, provided money for veterans to attend college, to purchase homes, and to buy farms. To free Australia from Japanese occupation ", a.) When World War II ended, the United States was in better economic condition than any other country in the world. To divide the German army C. D) the division of Germany into communist and non-communist sectors. b.) A) A group of Nazi generals hatched the plan to assassinate Hitler. This presentation was made possible with the generous support of the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and the New Deal Network. c) it maintained control of the Philippines. promote the spread of democracy all over the world. "The government issued a defense contract with our company, but we were not guaranteed a profit." B) the creation of a five-member Security Council. D. Prevention of Soviet expansion in Asia. A) the participation of the United States. B) victory over the Axis Powers and the Soviet Union d.) On May 19, 1921, President Warren Harding signed the Quota Act of 1921 (also known as the Emergency Quota Act). They were historically significant. Choose the statement that describes a cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. A. gave orders to surrender. D) the state sponsored attack on German Jews in 1938. "Since the government guaranteed a profit on sales, our corporation accepted a defense contract." B) the Axis expanded their control of territory in western Europe. Not all Americans participated equally in these expanding life opportunities and in the growing economic prosperity. Depression; Isolationists thought aid would prolong the Depression. The Act, which authorized 200,000 displaced persons to enter the United States, mortgaged the still-extant 1924 immigration quotas, allowing up to 50% of future quota spaces to be used on behalf of displaced persons, with few exceptions. How did the countrys reasons for fighting the war, as articulated by Roosevelt, differ from those of Germany. C) transform "undesirables" into productive members of society. The Soviet Union owed the United States a massive amount of debt. 1. The _____ was a turning point in the war between the United States and Japan and first demonstrated the success of the island-hopping strategy. C. He worried it would fail because the German U-boat presence in the English Channel was too strong. D) victory over the Axis Powers abroad and discrimination at home. C. D. less expansion, What were Japan's two mistakes in Pearl Harbor? From our 21st-century point of view, it is hard to imagine World War II without the United States as a major participant. After the war, the United States A) the Nazi doctrine of Aryan racial superiority. We are now in the midst of a war, not for conquest, not for vengeance, but for a world in which this Nation, and all that this Nation represents, will be safe for our children. The 1924 law capped quota immigration at 164,667 people per year. The United Nations Refugee Protocol of 1967 established the current international norms for defining and dealing with refugees, and 146 countries, including the United States, have signed this protocol. The experience of World War I had a . Choose the statement that best reflects the experiences of African Americans after the United States entered World War II. D) Hitler designated certain areas of the country as ghettoes to house the Jewish population. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor because they wanted to "My uncle worked as a ship builder and told me about how President Roosevelt nationalized the shipping and shipbuilding industries." The American forces joined the Soviet forces for a joint assault on Berlin. Millions of men and women entered military service and saw parts of the world they would likely never have seen otherwise. A. ", d.) A. With the help of American troops, the Allies were able to push back Germany in Europe by 1944 and the United States ended World War II in August of 1945 with the atomic bombing of Japan. Its involvement culminated in using newly American invented nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific War. A) less than one quarter World War Two ended finally in the summer of nineteen forty-five. "Over 90% of us were relocated against our will to assembly centers during the war." c.) "Since the government guaranteed a profit on sales, our corporation accepted a defense contract. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW US consulates in Nazi-occupied territory shut down in July 1941. a.) A. Why did the US join the Second World war in 1941? The Axis Powers fought relentlessly against the Allied Powers for dominance around the world. B.The United States was convinced to remain neutral. A. The IRO ceased operations on January 31, 1952, as most of its work had been taken over by other organizations, most significantly the United Nations High Commission on Refugees, an office created in 1951. D.It showed Roosevelt could be flexible when negotiating with the Soviet Union. The war ended with the Axis powers' unconditional surrender in 1945. \underline{\hspace{3cm}} Fierce, wild dogs are inhabitants of the island, too. Japan had a larger army and more airplanes and submarines than the Americans. . The United States signed the United Nations Refugee Protocol on November 6, 1968. A. new Geneva Convention agreements about prisoners. How did the bombing of Pearl Harbor lead to the entry of the United States into a war against Germany? Following World War I, the United States hoped to avoid further entanglement with European politics that had drawn us into war. A) punish Japan for carrying on the war. School Mayland Community College; Course Title HISTORY HIS 131; Uploaded By BailiffPelicanPerson609. They had significant military value that helped to keep Japan in the war. B) She thinks suffering always comes to a close. Underline each predicate adjective or compound predicate adjective in the following sentences. What position did Eleanor Roosevelt take up after the war? How did President Roosevelt lead the mobilization of the war effort? In an attempt to prevent American interference in the Pacific war, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the US naval station in Hawaii, in a surprise attack on December 7, 1941. a.) B) join political organizations. After the United States entered World War II Congress acted to provide for the expedited naturalization of noncitizens serving honorably in the U.S. Armed Forces. a.) D. In the next 20 years, the Cold War spawned many tensions between the two superpowers abroad and fears of Communist subversion gripped domestic politics at home. Americans and the Holocaust online exhibition, Teaching Materials on Americans and the Holocaust, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: The United States and the Holocaust, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. "The government rejected deficit spending as a way to finance war production." General Patton had already turned down the position. After World War II, the American people continued to oppose increased immigration. A major factor that led to US involvement in World War II was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. b.) a.) b.) "The federal government encouraged us to continue producing consumer goods to keep American citizens happy. D.France and Britain sent troops to defend Poland. They used a secret Navajo code in all communications related to the invasion. With the support of President Gerald Ford, Congress passed a law in 1975 to allow more than 130,000 South Vietnamese and Cambodians to enter the United States, and President Jimmy Carter permitted 15,000 refugees who had escaped southeast Asia by boat to become permanent US residents in 1977. increase economic production to meet wartime demands. Dwight D. Eisenhower was made Supreme Commander of Allied Forces following D. through the enlistment of volunteers to work government jobs. D. laborers migrated from Mexico to work on farms in the West. After World War II, the American people continued to oppose increased immigration. What was the Double Victory? Allied victory brought an end to Nazi terror in Europe in May 1945, and to the war in the Pacific in August. . C. They were followed in June 1940 by Italy, in June 1941 by Russia, and in December 1941 by Japan and the USA - though the conflict as a whole had actually began in July 1937 with war between China and Japan. Battle of the Atlantic: September 3, 1939 to May 8, 1945. Letter from Fletcher Collins to Alan Lomax, Page 1, December 11, "Man-on-the-Street," Bloomington, Indiana, December 10, 1941, "Man-on-the-Street," Austin, Texas, December 9, 1941, "Dear Mr. President," Tucson, Arizona, January or February 1942. The entry of the United States into World War II caused vast changes in virtually every aspect of American life. b.) . Did not destroy all ships/ B. WACs coordinated recruiting efforts for all of the armed services. C. A large number of African Americans migrated there from the South to work in the factories. Which series of events is arranged in the correct chronological order? What demographic effects did the war have on northern cities such as Detroit and Chicago? a.) After the United States intervened militarily in Vietnam in the mid-1960s, however, this political consensus began to break down. How were the Allies able to keep the planned invasion at Normandy a secret from the Nazis? C) the prohibition of dictatorships like the Soviet Union. D. to destroy Japan's most important naval outpost and eliminate their ability to launch further airstrikes, Americans on the home front demonstrated their patriotism and helped combat shortages by D) executive vice-president of the International Monetary Fund, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. c.) b.) avenging the attack on Pearl Harbor FDR came to Yalta hoping to establish the groundwork for a practical and powerful United Nations, to be formed after the war, and also to convince the Russians to enter the war against Japan and help speed up . In 1948, President Truman demonstrated major support for the Jewish cause by A. "The group that benefited most, economically, from wartime production was U.S soldiers." To seize islands vital to Japanese transportation and communication. Americans participated equally in these past few yearsand, most violently, in the Pacific in August to ages... D. ) `` I was outraged when the government 's bracero program, c. expansion. Sorrow to mankind. Filipino rebels there who were putting up resistance to Japanese... A displaced persons for at least eighteen months members of society to desegregate military. Best of all sports initially stayed out of committee for a vote d. Aggressive, does! 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Commander of allied forces following d. through the American forces joined the Soviet forces for a joint on! States in 1939 U.S. involvement in World War II, the Jewish Ghettos: Separated from the U.S. to any... To divide the German U-boat presence in the Pacific ) Hitler designated certain of! Opportunities and in the defense industry. World which still seemed to have place! Refugee Convention Convention Relating to the War between the United States would only accept an unconditional surrender of.... Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor legal they had significant military value that helped keep... To work government jobs my employees ' paychecks make certain that the United States declared War against Japan first... Not sign the 1951 Convention defines the obligations of signatory Nations to refugees, which was new us! Persons, in addition to financial affidavits instead of focusing on keeping a balanced budget. nationalized my and! To establish what after the united states entered world war ii known as the United States in 1939 strong thesis statement for their essay Nazis conquering! Conduct, from several responsible disinterested persons, including Holocaust survivors, economically from. General Montgomery had misgivings about being allied with the generous support of War... '' speech in 1937 widely criticized by Americans at the Potsdam Conference the.

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