[18][pageneeded][57], Macmillan lost his seat in 1929 in the face of high regional unemployment. that as the US replaced Britain as the world's leading power, British politicians and diplomats should aim to guide her in the same way that Greek slaves and freedmen had advised powerful Romans). [199], Macmillan's first government had seen the first phase of the sub-Saharan African independence movement, which accelerated under his second government. On 25 September 1963, Sukarno announced in a speech that Indonesia would "ganyang Mayaysia" ("gobble Malaysia raw") and on the same day a mob burned down the British embassy in Jakarta. Returning from the Geneva Summit of that year he made headlines by declaring: 'There ain't gonna be no war. [253] She later recalled: 'I never regretted following Harold Macmillan's advice. This surprised some observers who had expected that Eden's deputy Rab Butler would be chosen. The fourth child, Sarah, although Macmillan had been affectionate towards her, was living on the edge of breakdown. Labour leader Harold Wilson wrote that his "role as a poseur was itself a pose". The maxim is worthy of the fool in the old story, who resolved not to go into the water until he had learnt to swim. [10] Campbell suggests that Macmillan's humiliation was first a major cause of his odd and rebellious behaviour in the 1930s then, in subsequent decades, made him a harder and more ruthless politician than his rivals Eden and Butler. [38] The engagement of Captain Macmillan to the Duke's daughter Lady Dorothy was announced on 7 January 1920. The fact that it never became public was a tribute to the docility and decorum of the press and to the ability of politicians and society to close ranks against outside scrutiny. He championed a Keynesian strategy of deficit spending to maintain demand and pursuit of corporatist policies to develop the domestic market as the engine of growth. "Historians, the Penguin Specials and the 'State-of-the-Nation' Literature, 195864. Responding to a remark made by Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson about not having boots in which to go to school, Macmillan retorted: 'If Mr Wilson did not have boots to go to school that is because he was too big for them. In 1935, believing that the affair with Dorothy was on the wane, Boothby proposed to one of her cousins, Diana Cavendish. Macmillan was also the minister advising General Keightley of V Corps, the senior Allied commander in Austria responsible for Operation Keelhaul, which included the forced repatriation of up to 70,000 prisoners of war to the Soviet Union and Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia in 1945. The collapse in the Liberal vote let him win in 1924. [63], Macmillan supported Chamberlain's first flight for talks with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, but not his subsequent flights to Bad Godesberg and Munich. This proposal impressed Churchill and General Alexander, but did not meet with American approval. Wagner was right.' As he put it that day: 'The wind of change is blowing through this continent and, whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact'. Thorpe points out that divorce still caused muttering as late as the 1950s. During that time, he was married briefly to Diana Cavendish, while the birth of Sarah. [18][pageneeded], Macmillan went up to Balliol College in 1912, where he joined many political societies. Nick Rufford, 'A-bomb links kept secret from Queen'. Passion can be a higher form of sensibility, and it was admired as such, but it can only flourish amid tension and obstacles. Lady Catherine Macmillan Sarah Heath Maurice Macmillan. He felt privately that he was being hounded from office by a backbench minority: Some few will be content with the success they have had in the assassination of their leader and will not care very much who the successor is. [32] As a result, he refused to return to Oxford to complete his degree, saying the university would never be the same;[33] in later years he joked that he had been "sent down by the Kaiser". While the Queen saw her . [281], Campbell writes that: "a late developer who languished on the back benches in the 1930s, Macmillan seized his opportunity when it came with flair and ruthlessness, and [until about 1962] filled the highest office with compelling style". [76] Macmillan told Crossman: "We, my dear Crossman, are the Greeks in the American empire. The Clean Air Act 1956 was passed during his time as Chancellor; his premiership saw the passage of the Housing Act 1957, the Offices Act 1960, the Noise Abatement Act 1960,[150] and the Factories Act 1961; the introduction of a graduated pension scheme to provide an additional income to retirees,[151] the establishment of a Child's Special Allowance for the orphaned children of divorced parents,[152] and a reduction in the standard work week from 48 to 42 hours. His age was 92 years and 322 daysthe greatest age attained by a British Prime Minister until surpassed by Lord Callaghan on 14 February 2005. [217] The full Denning report into the Profumo Scandal was published on 26 September 1963. He suffered pain and partial immobility for the rest of his life. He says: 'These relationships were recognised in the past for what they were - an affair of passion - but passions have gone out of life now, and been reduced to sex, while journalists behave like children trying to burst into their parents' bedroom. "It breaks my heart to see the lion-hearted Churchill begin to sink into a sort of Petain", Macmillan wrote in his diary as the Prime Minister's mental and physical powers visibly decayed. He opposed the appeasement of Germany practised by the Conservative government. [210] Macmillan felt that giving in to Sukarno's demands would be "appeasement" and clashed with Kennedy over the issue. He was a member of the British delegation to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1949 to 1951, and played a prominent role - as a key aide and ally of Sir Winston Churchill - in pressing for greater European integration as a bulwark against Soviet totalitarianism and to prevent a recurrence of the horrors of Nazi rule. The love affairs and so on went on just the same as they do today - the difference was, people didn't rat on each other. He was born and raised in London and completed his education from the 'University of Oxford.' Lady Dorothy died on 21 May 1966, aged 65, after 46 years of marriage. "The Making of Harold Macmillans Third Way in Interwar Britain (19241935)." [242], Macmillan made occasional political interventions in retirement. The affair ended only with Dorothy's death in 1966. Her nephew William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, married Kathleen Kennedy, a sister of John F. Kennedy. It was he who first suggested collusion with Israel. [275], An early biographer George Hutchinson called him "The Last Edwardian at Number Ten" (1980), mistakenly in the view of Nigel Fisher. After the ceasefire a motion on the Order Paper attacking the US for "gravely endangering the Atlantic Alliance" attracted the signatures of over a hundred MPs. He told his former love. [276] Fisher also wrote that he "had a talent for pursuing progressive policies but presenting them tactfully in a Conservative tone of voice".[279]. This terrible strike, by the best men in the world, who beat the Kaiser's and Hitler's armies and never gave in. In April 1957, Macmillan reaffirmed his strong support for the British nuclear weapons programme. [11], spouse of the prime minister of the United Kingdom, Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Dorothy_Macmillan&oldid=1082950698. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. Note: In a radical reshuffle dubbed "The Night of the Long Knives", Macmillan sacked a third of his Cabinet and instituted many other changes. He was as trenchant a critic of his successors in his old age as he had been of his predecessors in his youth. In October 1963 he disclaimed his peerages for life, took the name Sir Alec Douglas-Home, and succeeded Harold Macmillan as prime minister during a Conservative Party crisis, the most spectacular feature of which was an adultery scandal involving John Dennis Profumo, secretary of state for war from 1960 to 1963. A Critical Discourse Analysis." [140] He was also devoted to family members: when Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire was later appointed (Minister for Colonial Affairs from 1963 to 1964 among other positions) he described his uncle's behaviour as "the greatest act of nepotism ever". Then the Canalettos go.' The report starts by quoting the brief provided by the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, from 1960, "First, the industry must be of a size and pattern suited to modern conditions and prospects. "[260][261], On receiving the news, Thatcher hailed him as "a very remarkable man and a very great patriot", and said that his dislike of "selling the family silver" had never come between them. Hearing evidence in the winter of 1957 and reporting in January 1958, this inquiry exonerated all involved in what some journalists perceived to be a whitewash. [196] Macmillan told his Foreign Secretary, Lord Home "there is no reason for us to help the Americans with Cuba". [217], President Kennedy visited Macmillan's country home, Birch Grove, on 2930 June 1963, for talks about the planned Multilateral Force. [9] Macmillan considered himself a Scot. [189] The same report stated that a war with China in Laos would "be a bottomless pit in which our limited military resources would rapidly disappear". This time backbench MPs and junior ministers were to be asked their opinion, rather than just the Cabinet as in 1957, and efforts would be made to sample opinion amongst peers and constituency activists. I am sure they will be more efficient. Macmillan and Lady Dorothy lived largely separate lives in private thereafter. But Macmillan would not give his wife the divorce she and her lover both craved. Dorothy's brother-in-law, James Stuart, was Tory chief whip at the time, and very much a member of the anti-Boothby camp. In 1984 he received the Freedom medal from the Roosevelt Study Center. "He had style in abundance, (and) was a star on the world stage". However, Butler and Reginald Maudling (who was very popular with backbench MPs at that time) declined to push for his resignation, especially after a tide of support from Conservative activists around the country. [146] Macmillan, away on a tour of the Commonwealth, brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty". He wrote a pamphlet "The Price of Peace" calling for alliance between Britain, France and the USSR, but expecting Poland to make territorial "accommodation" to Germany (i.e. I am passionately in love with her. [5] [page needed] [6] She had an unhappy life, which was blighted by a drinking problem, and died aged only 40, her father outliving her by 16 years. Telephoto lenses and tape recorders mean that nobody's private life is safe, although their use may soon be restricted. [98], Macmillan achieved his housing target by the end of 1953, a year ahead of schedule. Macmillan initially refused a peerage and retired from politics in September 1964, a month before the 1964 election, which the Conservatives narrowly lost to Labour, now led by Harold Wilson. Lady Dorothy was a dutiful political wife and the couple remained together (despite her long-lasting affair with Conservative politician Robert Boothby)[citation needed] until her death from a heart attack at the Macmillan family estate at Birch Grove, West Sussex, in 1966. [146] The change in bank rate prompted rumours in the City that some financiers who were Bank of England directors with senior positions in private firms took advantage of advance knowledge of the rate change in what resembled insider trading. [1] Caricatured as "Supermac", he was known for his pragmatism, wit and unflappability. Browse 1,055 harold macmillan stock photos and images available or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. [203] It is considered a landmark in the process of decolonisation. [190] The meeting in Key West was very tense as Macmillan was heard to mutter "He's pushing me hard, but I won't give way". The campaign was based on the economic improvements achieved as well as the low unemployment and improving standard of living; the slogan "Life's Better Under the Conservatives" was matched by Macmillan's own 1957 remark, "indeed let us be frank about itmost of our people have never had it so good,"[173] usually paraphrased as "You've never had it so good." Work. They never met again, and this was to be Kennedy's last visit to the UK. 07, 1953 - Daughter of Harold Macmillan weds: The wedding took place yesterday at the St. Gilos Church, Horsted Keynes, Sussex of Miss Sarah Macmillan daughter of Harold Macmillan - and Mr. Andrew Heath of Thornhill Farm, Malmesburry: Photo shows Mr. Macmillan and his daughter arrive for the wedding. [58] Criticised locally for his long absence, he suggested that Lady Dorothy stand for Stockton in 1945, as she had been nursing the seat for five years. [74] Macmillan built a rapport with US General Dwight D. Eisenhower, then Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean (SACMED), which proved helpful in his career,[75] and Richard Crossman later recalled that Macmillan's "Greeks in the Roman Empire" metaphor dated from this time (i.e. [200] The most problematic of the colonies was the Central African Federation, which had united Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland together in 1953 largely out of the fear that the white population of Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe) might want to join South Africa, which had since 1948 had been led by Afrikaner nationalists distinctly unfriendly to Britain. [167], Macmillan saw an opportunity to increase British influence over the United States with the launching of the Soviet satellite Sputnik, which caused a severe crisis of confidence in the United States as Macmillan wrote in his diary: "The Russian success in launching the satellite has been something equivalent to Pearl Harbour. [211] To help reduce the expenses of the war, Macmillan appealed to the Australian Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies to send troops to defend Malaysia. Macmillan tried, but failed, to see Eisenhower (who was also refusing to see Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd) behind Butler's and Eden's back. The Cabinet changes were widely seen as a sign of panic, and the young Liberal MP Jeremy Thorpe said of Macmillan's dismissals 'greater love hath no man than this, than to lay down his friends for his life'. [227][228], Macmillan was operated on at 11.30am on Thursday 10 October. His precise quote, at a dinner of the Tory Reform Group at the Royal Overseas League on 8 November 1985, was on the subject of the sale of assets commonplace among individuals or states when they encountered financial difficulties: 'First of all the Georgian silver goes. Over Macmillan's objections, Kennedy decided to have the United Nations forces to evict the white mercenaries from Katanga and reintegrate Katanga into the Congo. [159][160], Concerned that public confidence in the nuclear programme might be shaken and that technical information might be misused by opponents of defence co-operation in the US Congress, Macmillan withheld all but the summary of a report into the fire prepared for the Atomic Energy Authority by Sir William Penney, director of the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. Initially nervous around her, Harold Macmillan came to consider the Queen a great confidante, enjoying the fact that he could share all the day's gossip with her and trust that she would tell no one. [239] Butler wrote in his review of Riding the Storm: "Altogether this massive work will keep anybody busy for several weeks."[240]. It's a shame that Harold misunderstood her. [224] On 17 June 1963, he survived a Parliamentary vote with a majority of 69,[225] one fewer than had been thought necessary for his survival, and was afterwards joined in the smoking-room only by his son and son-in-law, not by any Cabinet minister. In the 1950s Macmillan served as Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer under Anthony Eden. September 1957 Lord Hailsham succeeds Lord Home as Lord President, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. [111] He had enjoyed his eight months as Foreign Secretary and did not wish to move. Lady Dorothy was also descended from William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, who served as Prime Minister from 1756 to 1757 in communion with Newcastle and Pitt the Elder. Heath's bail of 100,000 rupees (HK$25,300) has been put up by a local resident. Macmillan was a protg of the Union President Walter Monckton, later a Cabinet colleague; as such, he became Secretary then Junior Treasurer (elected unopposed in March 1914, then an unusual occurrence) of the Union, and would in his biographers' view "almost certainly" have been President had the war not intervened. The highest moral standards should be demanded, but if people do fall by the wayside I think their privacy should be respected. In June 1944 he argued for a British-led thrust up the Ljubljana Gap into Central Europe (Operation "Armpit") instead of the planned diversion of US and Free French forces to the South of France (Operation Dragoon). [14], As a child, teenager and later young man, he was an admirer of the policies and leadership of a succession of Liberal Prime Ministers, starting with Henry Campbell-Bannerman, who came to power when Macmillan was only 11 years old, and then H. H. Asquith, whom he later described as having "intellectual sincerity and moral nobility", and particularly of Asquith's successor, David Lloyd George, whom he regarded as a "man of action", likely to accomplish his goals. [182] Macmillan planned an important role in setting up a four power summit in Paris to discuss the Berlin crisis that was supposed to open in May 1960, but which Khrushchev refused to attend owing to the U-2 incident. As Harold Macmillan concluded, Eden "was trained to win the Derby in 1938; unfortunately, he was not let out of the starting stalls until 1955. . He was also a member of Buck's, Pratt's, the Turf Club and Beefsteak Club. The standard of living had risen enough that workers could participate in a consumer economy, shifting the working class concerns away from traditional Labour Party views. [133], Butler later recorded that during his period as acting Head of Government at Number Ten, he noticed constant comings and goings of ministers to Macmillan's study in Number 11 next doorand that those who attended all seemed to receive promotions when Macmillan became Prime Minister. In 1976 he received the Order of Merit. In his diary Harold Nicolson noted the feelings of the Tory backbenchers: "They feel that Winston is too old and Anthony (Eden) too weak. [214] As expected, the Beaverbrook newspapers whose readers tended to vote Conservative offered up ferocious criticism of Macmillan's application to join the EEC, accusing him of betrayal. He was a One Nation Tory of the Disraelian tradition and supported the post-war consensus. This was in the late Fifties - there was a general election coming up - and people were terrified that the scandal might damage Macmillan. [131][132] He was also hinting that he would not serve under Butler. As the Germans had withdrawn, British troops under General Scobie had deployed to Athens, but there were concerns that the largely pro-communist Greek resistance, EAM and its military wing ELAS, would take power (see Dekemvriana) or come into conflict with British troops. [59] In September 1932 he made his first visit to the USSR. '[110] Of the role of Foreign Secretary Macmillan observed: Nothing he can say can do very much good and almost anything he may say may do a great deal of harm. [214], Through Macmillan had decided upon joining the EEC in 1960, he waited until July 1961 to formally make the application as he feared the reaction of the Conservative Party backbenchers, the farmers' lobby and the populist newspaper chain owned by the right-wing Canadian millionaire Lord Beaverbrook, who saw Britain joining the EEC as a betrayal of the British empire. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. The Vassall affair turned the press against him. Within months they were engaged. [83] He visited London in October 1943 and again clashed with Eden. [97] In July 1953 Macmillan considered postponing his gall bladder operation in case Churchill, who had just suffered a serious stroke while Eden was also in hospital, had to step down. "[122] Macmillan knew President Eisenhower well, but misjudged his strong opposition to a military solution. Nevertheless, the affair put an end to any hopes Boothby might have cherished of achieving high office. De Gaulle was always strongly opposed to British entry for many reasons. [103] The Defence White Paper of February 1955, announcing the decision to produce the hydrogen bomb, received bipartisan support.[104]. Macmillan liked to speak French, a language in which he was far from being a master, and the result may have been that he interpreted De Gaulle as saying "no" to British membership when in fact. In fact, this was done at the Palace's request, so that the Queen was not being seen to be involved in politics as had happened in January 1957, and had been decided as far back as June when it had looked as though the government might fall over the Profumo scandal. Although scientists had warned of the dangers of such an accident for some time, the government blamed the workers who had put out the fire for 'an error of judgement', rather than the political pressure for fast-tracking the megaton bomb. . Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963, Schooling, university and early political views, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply (19401942), Minister Resident in the Mediterranean (19421945), Historians' assessments of Macmillan's premiership, Thorpe 2010, pp. [11] From the age of six or seven he received introductory lessons in classical Latin and Greek at Mr Gladstone's day school, close by in Sloane Square. This contrasted with the Treasury ministers who argued that support of sterling required spending cuts and, probably, a rise in unemployment. [51][52][53][54], Macmillan contested the depressed northern industrial constituency of Stockton-on-Tees in 1923. Sarah Macmillan (19301970). [263] The Prince of Wales sent a wreath "in admiring memory". [276] Fisher described him as "complex, almost chameleon". He was "unique in the affection of the British people". [259], Macmillan died at Birch Grove, the Macmillan family mansion on the edge of Ashdown Forest near Chelwood Gate in East Sussex, four days after Christmas in 1986. [209] Macmillan feared the expenses of an all-out war with Indonesia, but also felt to give in to Sukarno would damage British prestige, writing on 5 August 1963 that Britain's position in Asia would be "untenable" if Sukarno were to triumph over Britain in the same manner he had over the Dutch in New Guinea. [201] In the aftermath of criticism about colonial policies in Kenya and Nyasland, Macmillan from 1959 onward started to see the African colonies as a liability, arguing at cabinet meetings that the level of force required to hang onto them would result in more domestic criticism, international opprobrium, costly wars, and would allow the Soviet Union to establish influence in the Third World by supporting self-styled "liberation" movements that would just make things worse. The Egyptian government, which came to be dominated by Gamal Abdel Nasser, was opposed to the British military presence in the Arab World. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 the three Treasury ministersPeter Thorneycroft, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Birch, Economic Secretary to the Treasury, and Enoch Powell, the Financial Secretary to the Treasury and seen as their intellectual ringleaderresigned. Macleod greatly accelerated decolonisation and by the time he was moved to Conservative Party chairman and Leader of the Commons in 1961 he had made the decision to give independence to Nigeria, Tanganyika, Kenya, Nyasaland (as Malawi) and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia). Macmillan once noted that Elizabeth "means to be a queen and not a puppet," and that she had the "heart and stomach of a man." John Gray, 'Accident disclosures bring calls for review of U.K. secrecy laws'. It was the trouble over the cheque bonds in 1941 that probably sank him. Official bank rate, which had been kept low since the 1930s, was hiked in September 1958. Ann Caroline Faber (Macmillan) Birthdate: August 29, 1923. I think it was the start of her alcoholism. Opposed to British entry for many reasons a star on the world stage '' ) was a on! Cherished of achieving high office in his old age as he had style in abundance, ( and ) a... First visit to the end of world War II age as he had style in abundance, and! 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